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Shandong

 

Tourism

• Jinan, the capital city of Shandong since Ming dynasty, renowned for its 72 Famous Springs.

  • Baotu Spring: :"Number One Spring under the Heaven" (天下第一泉)
  • Daming Lake, Marco Polo described its beauty in his works.
  • Thousand Buddha Mountain
  • Lingyan Temple
  • remant of Great Wall of Qi, the oldest existing Great Wall in China

• Penglai.
• Qingdao, beach resort city on the south of the peninsula famous for its Tsingtao beer
  • Ba Da Guan
  • Zhan Qiao
  • Laoshan
• Qingzhou
• Weihai
• World Heritage Sites:
  • Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu
  • Tai Shan (泰山), one of the "Five Sacred Mountains".

Shandong cuisine (鲁菜) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine (e.g. Jinan cuisine); the seafood-centered Jiaodong cuisine in the peninsula; and Confucius's Mansion cuisine, an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.

Shandong

Excerpts from Wikipedia.org

Shandong (山東) is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. Its abbreviation is Lǔ, after the state of Lu that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.

The name Shandong literally means "mountain's east", which refers to the province's location east of the Taihang Mountains. The province is located in the lower reaches of the Huang He (Yellow River) and extends out to sea in the form of the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the southeast; it also shares a very short border with Anhui, between Henan and Jiangsu.

A common nickname for Shandong is Qílǔ (齊魯), after the state of Lu and state of Qi that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.

 

Economy

Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton and wheat as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world. Other importants crop include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta, where the Shengli Oilfield (lit. Victory Oilfield) is one of the major oilfields of China. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from sea water.

Shandong is one of the richer provinces of China, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer, Haier and Hisense. In addition, Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy.

 

Culture

Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories: Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest (as well as in neighbouring Hebei), such as the Jinan dialect; Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest (as well as in neighbouring Henan); and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula (as well as the Liaodong Peninsula across the sea), such as the Qingdao dialect. When people speak of the "Shandong dialect" (山東話), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the "Jiaodong dialect" (膠東話).

Shandong Bangzi and Lüju are popular types of Chinese opera in Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.

 

Demographics

Shandong is the third most populous province of China, after Guangdong and Henan, with a population of almost 92 million. Over 99% of Shandong's population is Han Chinese. Minority groups include the Hui and the Manchus. Shandong citizens are also known to have the highest average height of any Chinese province.

 

 

 

 

Central Plain of China

Map showing the province of Henan and two definitions of the Central Plain or Zhongyuan (map by Exult)

The Central Plain of China (中原; Zhongyuan) refers to the area on the lower reaches of the Yellow River which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization. It forms part of the North China Plain.

In its narrowest sense, the Central Plain covers modern-day Henan, the southern part of Hebei, the southern part of Shanxi, and the western part of Shandong province. A broader interpretation of the Central Plain's extent would add the Guanzhong plain of Shaanxi, the northwestern part of Jiangsu, and parts of Anhui and northern Hebei.

In the pre-Qin era, present-day Luoyang and its nearby areas were considered the “Center of the World”, as the political seat of the Xia Dynasty was located around Songshan and the Yi-Luo river basin.

Inscriptions on some bronze objects from this era contain references to the 'Central States' (Zhongguo; 中國), 'Eastern States', or 'Southern States'. This indicates that the Central Plain, which was referred as the 'Central States' in these inscriptions, was considered to occupy the center of the world.

 

 

East China

East China (華東) is a geographical and a loosely-defined cultural region that covers the eastern coastal area of China.

Although an intangible and loosely defined concept, for administrative and governmental purposes, the region is defined by the government of the People's Republic of China to include the provinces of (in alphabetical order) Anhui, parts of Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong and Zhejiang, as well as the municipality of Shanghai.

 

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Shandong People

The people of Shandong province or Shandong people (山東人) refers to people who are native to Shandong province, majority (99%) of whom are Han Chinese. They are generally speak various forms of Mandarin dialects such as Jilu, Jiaoliao, and Zhongyuan. There is a small Shandong community in Singapore and Malaysia.

 

 

Manchu

The Manchu people (滿族) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). During their rise in the seventeenth century, along with the help of Ming rebels (such as general Wu Sangui), they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established a republican government in its place.

The Manchu ethnicity has largely been assimilated with the Han Chinese. The Manchu language is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Sibe (Xibo), a Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large, and the adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission, government employment opportunities and exemption from the one child policy) has encouraged some people with mixed Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.

Northeast China (東北) is a geographical region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. Some people in parts of Inner Mongolia (like Chifeng) still call themselves Northeasterners. It is generally coterminous with some definitions of the historical region of Manchuria and is commonly referred to in English as such. It is also sometimes referred to as Inner Manchuria in contrast with Outer Manchuria, provinces lost to the Russian Empire, during the Qing Dynasty.

 

 

Hui

The Hui people (回族 ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam.

The term "Hui people" refers to one of the officially recognized 56 ethnic groups into which Chinese citizens are classified. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolian, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Tajiks, or Dongxiang), the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.

Nonetheless, included among the Hui in Chinese census statistics (and not officially recognized as separate ethnic groups) are members of a few small non-Chinese speaking communities. Among them are several thousand Utsuls in southern Hainan province, who speak an Austronesian language (Tsat) related to that of the Cham Muslim minority of Vietnam, and who are said to be descended from Chams who migrated to Hainan. A small Muslim minority among Yunnan's Bai people are classified as Hui as well (even if they are Bai speakers), as are some groups of Tibetan Muslims.

The Hui people are concentrated in Northwestern China (Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang), but communities exist across the country, e.g. Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Yunnan, etc.

Most Hui are similar in culture to Han Chinese with the exception that they practice Islam, and have some distinctive cultural characteristics as a result. For example, as Muslims, they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork, the most common meat consumed in Chinese culture, and have also given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine, Chinese Islamic cuisine and Muslim Chinese martial arts. Their mode of dress also differs primarily in that men wear white caps and women wear headscarves or (occasionally) veils, as is the case in most Islamic cultures.

The Hui people are mixed blood. Their ancestors include Central Asian, Persian, Han Chinese, and Mongols. In ancient China, e.g. Tang and Yuan Dynasty, lots of people from Central Asian and Persia came to trade or pursue political careers. In the following nearly one thousand years, they gradually mixed with Mongols and Han Chinese, and the Hui people were formed. Because the Hui people have lived in China for so many years, they haven't retained Arabic and Central Asian languages, instead becoming Chinese speakers.

Apart from some minor characteristics, the majority of Hui people look much like Han Chinese, especially in eastern China.

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Genetic Studies

 

* The Emerging Limbs and Twigs of the East Asian mtDNA Tree by Toomas Kivisild, et al.

Phylogenetic Reconstruction and Geographic Distribution of Haplogroup M7

 

Phylogeography of Haplogroup A

 

 

* Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122 by Hong Shi, et al.

Distribution of the O3-M122 Haplotypes in the East Asian Populations Studied

 

The Frequency Distribution of the O3-M122 Haplotypes in East Asian and Other Continental Populations

 

The Map of Multidimensional Scaling Analysis Based on the O3-M122 SNP Haplotype Distribution

 

 

* Non-Beijing Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China by Xia Li, et al.

Abstract: In a 2-year prospective study of tuberculosis (TB) patients in China, the prevalences of non-Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis varied between Shandong Province (20.6%), Shanghai (27.6%), and Sichuan Province (45.9%) (P < 0.005). These differences may be due to factors such as human migration, transmission, or diversification and adaptation of the mycobacteria to different hosts.

 

 

* Polymorphism of 17 Y-STR Loci in Shanxi Han Population and Genetic Relationship with 13 Populations by MS Shi, et al.

14 个群体NJ 系统发生树

 

14 个群体聚类分析图

 

 

* Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation by Jieming Chen, et al.

Population Stratification of the Han Chinese

(The cluster and stratification of the samples from the ten provinces of China, showing an evident north-south genetic differentiation.)

 

 

* Genetic Distances Between Chinese Populations Ccalculated on Gene Frequencies of 38 Loci by DU Ruofu, et al.

Phylogenic Tree of Han Subpopulations in 30 Provinces, Cities and Autonomous Regions

(Heilongiang, Jilin, Shandong)

 

 

* Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Distribution in Chaoshanese with and without Myopia by Qin Wang, et al.

Principal Component Map of Mmitochondrial DNA Variation

(Qingdao, Zibo)

 

 

* Polymorphic Distribution of Y-chromosome Haplotype and Mitochondrial DNA in the Bouyei People in China by Li Yong-nian, et al.

Y-chromosome Haplotype Frequency Distribution in China and World Populations

 

 

* A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups by The Y Chromosome Consortium

 

 

* Genetic History of Southeast Asian Populations as Revealed by Ancient and Modern Human Mitochondrial DNA Analysis by P. Lertrit, et al.

Populations Selected for Genetic Comparison

 

Unrooted NJ Tree of 22 Selected Populations Based on Net Genetic Distances

 

PC Map of 22 Selected Populations Based on Net Genetic Distances

 

Haplogroup Frequencies

 

 

* Genetic Relationships of Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China Revealed by Microsatellite Markers by Hongbin Lin, et al.

Principal Component Analysis with Normalized Allele Frequencies for the Full-loci Dataset

 

Unrooted Neighbor-joining Tree Constructed with DA Distances (full-loci dataset)

 

Unrooted Neighbor-joining Tree Constructed with DA Distances (full-population dataset)

 

 

* Tracing the Origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by Mitochondrial DNA Analysis by Wen-Zhi Wang, et al.

Population Analyzed

 

Two-dimensional PC Plot of mtDNA of Han Populations

 

PC Map of Y Chromosome of Han Chinese

 

 

* Tracing the Origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by Mitochondrial DNA Analysis by Wen-Zhi Wang, et al.

Population Analyzed

 

Two-dimensional PC Plot of mtDNA of Han Populations

 

PC Map of Y Chromosome of Han Chinese

 

 

* STR Polymorphisms of the Henan Population and Investigation of the Central Plains Han Origin of Chaoshanese by Li-Na Xu, et al.

Neighbor-joining tree constructed from Nei’s genetic distance based on the allelic frequencies of CODIS STR loci in 25 Chinese Han populations

 

 

* Genetic Analysis of 17 Biallelic Markers on Y Chromosome in 3 Chinese Ethnic Group Populations by JK Yu, et al.

OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic polymorphism of Y chromosome in different Chinese ethnic group populations. METHODS: Genotypes of 17 biallelic markers located in the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome in 76 men from 3 Chinese ethnic group populations (Han in Shandong, Bai in Yunnan, and Tu in Qinghai) were examined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allelic-specific PCR (ASPCR). Their haplotypes made of these 17 binary markers were constructed. The principle component (PC) analysis was conducted based on the haplotype frequency distribution among these 3 and other 15 published Chinese ethnic group populations. RESULTS: The diversities of M50, M110, M103, M88, M3, and M7 were not found in these 3 populations. The frequencies of YAP+ were 23.8%, 6.7%, and 4% respectively in Tu, Bai, and Shandong Han. Eleven haplotypes were found in 3 populations--7 haplotypes (H1, H3, H5, H6, H8, H9, and H11) in Shandong Han (Han.SD), 8 haplotypes (H1, H2, H3, H5, H6, H8, H11, and H16) in Tu, and 9 haplotypes (H1, H3, H4, H5, H6, H8, H9, H11, and H13) in Bai. The predominant haplotypes were H1, H3, H5, H6, H8, and H11. According to PC analysis, Bai was close to Northern Han; Shandong Han, Southern Han (Han.S), Bai and Yunnan Tibetan clustered together; and Tu was close to Yi, Hui and Manchurian. CONCLUSIONS: Shandong Han may have had genetic exchanges with southern populations in China. It has been confirmed that some gene components of Han had flowed into Bai's gene pool. Gene flowed from Central Asia had impacted Chinese western populations.

 

 

* The ADH1B Arg47His Polymorphism in East Asian Populations and Expansion of Rice Domestication in History by Yi Peng, et al.

The Distribution of the ADH1B*47His Allele and the Sites of Early Rice Relics

 

The Distribution of the ADH1B*47His Allele in the 38 East Asian Populations

 

 

* ADH1B Arg47His Polymorphism Is Associated with Esophageal Cancer Risk in High-Incidence Asian Population: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis by Guohong Zhang, et al.

Excerpt: Some alleles that increase the risk of complex diseases like cancers, are ancestral. Both historical records of migration and genetic fingerprints of East Asians and ancient population in Central China suggested there were some common ancestries in populations along the ‘‘Asian esophageal cancer belt’’. The ADH1B*47His allele is highly prevalent in Asian populations, particularly in northeast Asians (i.e., Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans). It was proposed the ADH1B*47His allele may serve better as an ancestral marker for understanding expansions and migrations of ancient Central China populations, and is related to disease susceptibility and natural selection as well. Except for in East Asia, a high frequency of the ADH1B*47His allele is also found in West Asian countries such as Iran and Turkey, where high-incidence regions of ESCC exist, too. Such a worldwide double-peak pattern of frequency distribution of the ADH1B* 47His allele was argued to be the result of independent increase of the derived allele in both western and eastern Asia after humans had spread across Eurasia. Based on these facts and findings, we propose that ADH1B*47Arg is a risk factor for ESCC in Asian populations that stems from recent common ancestralness of them.

 

 

* Polymorphism of DYS287 on Y Chromosome in 28 Ethnic Populations of China by Y. Chen, et al.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polymorphism of DYS287 among 28 ethnic populations in 9 provinces of China. METHOD: YAP element was detected by Touchdown PCR amplification and 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: YAP+ frequencies in these ethnic populations were as follows: Zang 36.7%, Tu 23.8%, Yi 18.4%, Pumi 11.3%, Tajik 7.4%, Bai 6.7%, Jino 5.1%, Shandong Han 4%, Mulao 2.7%, and Maonan 1.3%. The rest ethnic populations in our study, including Gansu Han, Yunnan Han, Zhuangzu, Daizu, Lizu, Nuzu, Lisu, Naxi, Lahu, Dulong, Hani, Shezu, Weiwuer, Sala, Kerkizi, Dongxiang, Vazu, and Korea didn't carry YAP + element. CONCLUSIONS: Zangzu, Tuzu, Yizu, Pumi, Jino, and Baizu, which belong to Sino-Tibetan language family, carry a high YAP + frequency. Sala, Tuzu, and Tajik, regarded as Central Asia by origin in history and linguistics, also have a high YAP + frequency. Mulao and Maonan, which origin from "Baiyue" ancient ethnic groups, also have a considerable YAP + frequency.

 

Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup DE is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations, or UEPs, M1(YAP), M145(P205), M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183.

Haplogroup DE is often referred to by the most well-known unique event polymorphism (UEP) which defines it, the Y-chromosome Alu Polymorphism (YAP). The YAP mutation was caused when a strand of DNA called Alu, which copies itself, inserted a copy into the Y chromosome. A Y chromosome that has the YAP mutation is called YAP-positive (YAP+), and a Y chromosome that does not have the YAP mutation is labeled YAP-negative (YAP-).

Haplogroup DE is an estimated 65,000 years old.

Distribution: The majority of DE male lines can be categorized as being in either Haplogroup D (Y-DNA), which likely originated in Asia, the only place where it has been found,vor haplogroup E, which is believed to have originated in East Africa or the Near East. The remainder are said to be in the paragroup DE*, confirmed cases of which are extremely rare.

In a study of over 8000 men worldwide including 1247 Nigerians, Haplogroup DE* was observed in only 5 Nigerian males (5/1247). However, the study's authors caution that "the apparently paraphyletic status of this haplogroup, and hence the conclusions of nested cladistic analysis, are also likely to be illusory" and that "the only genealogically meaningful definition of the age of a clade is the time to its most recent common ancestor, but only if DE* is paraphyletic does it also become automatically older than D or E in this sense." More recently, one example of DE* was found amongst the Nalu in Guinea Bissau (1/17). The DE* sequence of this individual differs by one mutation from the DE* sequence of the Nigerian individuals. This indicates common ancestry, though the phylogenetic relationship between the two lineages was not determined in this particular study. A 2008 study detected DE* in two individuals from Tibet (2/594).

Haplogroup DE is found in Africa (Haplogroups E and DE*) and East Asia (Haplogroups D and DE*) but is largely absent in between these two regions. The presence of DE across widely separated regions has confounded investigators trying to reconstruct the migration of humans from Africa to Asia. At some time, there was an extinction of DE lineages in West, South and Central Asia. Autochthonous DE lineages are absent in India, an important region in the dispersal of humans in Asia. However DE lineages have been detected in relict populations of the Andaman Islands. Underhill et al. 2007, suggest the possibility that deleterious mutations in some DE carriers may explain the extinction of DE lineages in India.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of para-haplogroup DE is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

• DE (M1/YAP, M145 [P205], M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183)
  • D (M174, (021355))
  • E (SRY4064, M96, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162)

 

* The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers by Han-Jun Jin, et al.

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Plot Based on RST distances of Y chromosome STRs

(Han Shandong clusters with Korean, Korean Chinese, Japanese)

 

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Plot Based on FST Distances of mtDNA Haplogroups

(Han Qingdao clusters with Daur, Korean, Korean Chinese)

 

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Plot Based on FST Distances of mtDNA HVS-I Sequences

(Han Qingdao clusters with Han Yanbian, Korean, Ewenki, Japanese)

 

* Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese by Yong-Gang Yao, et al.

Abstract: To characterize the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Han Chinese from several provinces of China, we have sequenced the two hypervariable segments of the control region and the segment spanning nucleotide positions 10171–10659 of the coding region, and we have identified a number of specific coding-region mutations by direct sequencing or restriction-fragment–length–polymorphism tests. This allows us to define new haplogroups (clades of the mtDNA phylogeny) and to dissect the Han mtDNA pool on a phylogenetic basis, which is a prerequisite for any fine-grained phylogeographic analysis, the interpretation of ancient mtDNA, or future complete mtDNA sequencing efforts. Some of the haplogroups under study differ considerably in frequencies across different provinces. The southernmost provinces show more pronounced contrasts in their regional Han mtDNA pools than the central and northern provinces. These and other features of the geographical distribution of the mtDNA haplogroups observed in the Han Chinese make an initial Paleolithic colonization from south to north plausible but would suggest subsequent migration events in China that mainly proceeded from north to south and east to west. Lumping together all regional Han mtDNA pools into one fictive general mtDNA pool or choosing one or two regional Han populations to represent all Han Chinese is inappropriate for prehistoric considerations as well as for forensic purposes or medical disease studies.

PC Map of the mtDNA Data of 13 Regional Han Samples

(Zibo and Qingdao cluster with Liaoning, Qinghai)

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Celiac Disease

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward. Symptoms include chronic diarrhoea, failure to thrive (in children), and fatigue, but these may be absent, and symptoms in other organ systems have been described. A growing portion of diagnoses are being made in asymptomatic persons as a result of increased screening; the condition is thought to affect between 1 in 1,750 and 1 in 105 people in the United States. Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to gliadin, a prolamin (gluten protein) found in wheat, and similar proteins found in the crops of the tribe Triticeae (which includes other common grains such as barley and rye). Upon exposure to gliadin, and specifically to three peptides found in prolamins, the enzyme tissue transglutaminase modifies the protein, and the immune system cross-reacts with the small-bowel tissue, causing an inflammatory reaction. That leads to a truncating of the villi lining the small intestine (called villous atrophy). This interferes with the absorption of nutrients, because the intestinal villi are responsible for absorption. The only known effective treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. While the disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as wheat allergy.

Genetics: The vast majority of coeliac patients have one of two types of HLA-DQ. Over 95% of coeliac patients have the isoform of DQ2 or DQ8, which is inherited in families. The reason these genes produce an increase in risk of coeliac disease is that the receptors formed by these genes bind to gliadin peptides more tightly than other forms of the antigen-presenting receptor. Therefore, these forms of the receptor are more likely to activate T lymphocytes and initiate the autoimmune process.

HLA-DQ2 (DQ2) is determined by the antibody recognition of β2 subset of DQ β-chains. The β-chain of DQ is encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ2 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*02 allele group. This group currently contains 2 common alleles, DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0202. HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQB1*02 are almost synonymous in meaning. DQ2 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA-DQA1 alleles, to form the cis-haplotype isoforms. These isoforms, nicknamed DQ2.2 and DQ2.5, are also encoded by the DQA1*0201 and DQA1*0501 genes, respectively.

DQ2 is most common in Western Europe, North and West Africa. Highest frequencies are observed in parts of Spain and Ireland, this distribution correlates with the frequency of two of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases. There is also a increase in DQB1*0201 in Central Asia, peaking in Kazakhstan and declining slowly east to west into China and finally Southeast Asia. DQA1*0501 : DQB1*0201. DQ2.5 is one of the most predisposing factors for autoimmune disease. DQ2.5 is encoded, often, by a haplotype associated with a large number of diseases. This haplotype, HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 is associated with diseases in which HLA-DQ2 has suspect involvement. Direct involvement of DQ2 is certain in coeliac disease.

DQ2.5 and the linked DR3 are associated with probably the greatest frequency of autoimmune occurrence relative to any other haplotypes. The haplotype is positively associated with coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, juvenile diabetes, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), Sjögren's syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis (although significant proportion of the risk is secondary to coeliac disease). DR3 and/or DQ2.5 are linked to the following diseases: Moreen's ulceration, "bout onset" multiple sclerosis, Grave's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus.

HLA-DQ8 (DQ8) is determined by the antibody recognition of β8 and this generally detects the gene product of DQB1*0302.

DQ8 is commonly linked to autoimmune disease in the human population. DQ8 is the second most predominant isoform linked to coeliac disease and the DQ most linked to juvenile diabetes. DQ8 increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis and is linked to the primary risk locus for RA, HLA-DR4. DR4 also plays an important role in juvenile diabetes.

Hiatus of DQ8 in the NE Siberian Arctic, Elevated Levels in Amur Region and Eastern Turks: The levels of DQ8 in SW to West Pacific Rim are at variable haplotype frequencies, from 2 to 30%, and level off around 10% for Ryūkyūan, Japanese, Koreans, Amur Regions and in the NW Pacific Rim drop to less than 1% in the Nivkhi. There is a modern hiatus of DQ8 in the Alaska-Eastern Siberian region and it is unclear whether this is due to replacement, selection, or the mode in which first Americans arrived (i.e. strictly maritime route). The DR types associated with DQ8 are DRB1*0403, *0404, *0406, *0407, *0408, and *0401 is split between many DQA1:B1 haplotypes. DQB1*0405 is commonly associated with DQA1*0303:DQB1*04 and so it is not included in DRB1*0401 in high resolution assessments. The Cook Island DQ8 had only one associated DR haplotype suggesting diversity limiting introduction into the region, either via the TW-(Japan/Korea/China) route or through the west, for example the Bunun have high DRB1*0403. The majority of DRB1*04 appear to have redistributed from eastern Asia from an unknown source, possibly in Central Asia or India. The distribution can be compared with Native Groups such as South Americans. Three groups with high levels, the Kogui, Sikuni, and Yucpa, have about 75% DQ8, the dominant DRB1* allele in 2 of 3 is the *0411 (N. China = 0), but *0407 (Ryūkyū, Japanese, Mansi-Eastern Ural, Naxi Chinese) and *0403 (Nganasan, Buryat, Negidal, Tunisians, Ryūkyū, Korea, Ainu) are also found. In North America DRB1*0404 and *0407 are more common than *0403 and, in the Lakota Souix, B1*0411 is rare. The DRB1*0404-DQ8 haplotype is more common in North Western Asia, and Northern Europe.

 

DQA1*03:DQB1*0302 levels in the Asia
(given as frequency in %)

Reference	DQA1	DQB1	Estimated
Population	*03	*0302	DQ8.1
Nivkhi        (NNE. Sakalin I.)		0.0	0
Zorastra, Yadz            (Iran)	20.8	0.8	0.8
Khoton               (Mongolia)	24.4	1.2	1.2
Madang (Papua New Guinea)	1.5	1.5	1.5
Yao                        (China)		2.6	2.6
Naxi             (Lijiang, China)		2.7	2.7
Ainu                       (Japan)		3.0	3.0
Shandong Han         (China)		3.1	3.1
Khalkha              (Mongolia)	22.3	6.1	6.1
Thais	21.5	7.4	7.4
Ket, Yenisey          (Siberia)	14.7	8.4	8.4
South Korea		10.3	10.3
Japanese		10.8	10.8
Nganasan               (Siberia)	39.6	11.4	11.4
Uygars, Urumqi        (China)	21.9	11.4	11.4
Kazahk		11.4	11.4
Negidal                  (Siberia)	50.0	18.6	18.6
Cook Isl.                (Pacific)		25.0	25.0

 

* Coeliac Disease: Emerging in China? by J. Wu, et al.

Excerpts: Here we report on a serological screening for CD (Celiac Disease) in China. CD has been historically considered to be absent in the Far East (China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, etc.). However, since the major known risk factors for CD are common in China, we used serological tests for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antigliadin antibodies (AGAs) and IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGs) to screen for CD in high risk patients, comprising 73 cases of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and five cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 30 women and 48 men, ...

Our serological screening demonstrated that CD might exist in Jiangsu province. This province is one of the main wheat producing areas in China.5 The CD predisposing human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ alleles, accounting for 30% of heritability in Caucasians, are not rare in Han inhabitants of this area. Their frequency of haplotype DQA1*0501-DQB1*02 (DQ2) is 7.2% and of DQA1*03-DQB1*0302 (DQ8) is 4.7%, and the frequencies of haplotypes DQA1*02-DQB1*02 and DQA1*05-DQB1*03 together capable of encoding DQ2 in trans are 9.4% and 7.8%, respectively. Even though there were no serological test results, Jiang et al had reported four cases of CD by duodenal biopsy this year in Zhejiang province which is neighbour of Jiangsu. The results of our research are encouraging. Considering the increasing gluten intake, frequency of common HLA-DQ2/DQ8 alleles and the large population size of Jiangsu province, we speculate that CD might not be rare....

 

* Influences of the Iodine Nutrition Status and the HLA-DQA1*0501 and-DQA1*0201 Alleles on the Pathogenesis of AITDs in Coastal Area of Shandong Province by ZHAO Wen-juan, et al.

Objective To investigate the association of HLA-DQA1*0501 and-DQA1*0201 alleles with autoimmune thyroid disea-(AITDs) patients in Shandong seashore areas,and evaluate the effects of iodine nutrition status on AITDs.Methods AITDs were divided into graves disease(GD) group and hashimoto thyroiditis(HT) group.The HLADQA1*0501 and DQA1*0201 alleles were detected by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers(PCR-SSP).The urine iodine concentration was determined by China national standard method.Results The frequency of the HLA-DQA1*0501 allele was significantly higher in GD and HT female groups than in control(GD: P 0.05,OR = 0.33;HT: P 0.01,OR = 0.27).The frequency of the HLA-DQA1*0201 allele was significantly lower in GD and HT groups than in control(GD P 0.01,OR = 0.4;HT P 0.05,OR = 0.42).The median values of urinary iodine of GD and HT patients were significantly higher than that of control group in Shandong seashore areas(P 0.05).In the subjects of DQA1*0501 allele(-),the median values of urinary iodine in GD and HT patients with hyperthyroidism were significantly higher than that in control group(P 0.05).In the subjects of DQA1*0201(+),the median values of urinary iodine in GD and HT patients was significantly higher than that in control group(P 0.05).The logarithm of urinary iodine and the DQA1*0501 were positive correlated with GD and HT by multiple logistic regression analysis;DQA1*0201 was negative correlated with GD and HT.Conclusion The HLA-DQA1*0501 allele is positively associated with morbidity of GD and HT in Shandong coastal districts,whereas HLA-DQA1*0201 allele is associated with protection of GD and HT,especially for female patients.Iodine,HLA-DQA1*0501,and HLA-DQA1*0201 alleles have cooperative effect on the pathogenesis of GD and HT.

 

* The Association Between the Genetic Polymorphism of HLA-DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 and Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in Chronic Hepatitis C in the Chinese Population by Rong-Bin Yu, et al.

Abstract

Background and Aim:  To investigate a possible association between HLA genes with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and evaluate whether the HLA-DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 genes could influence the development of liver damage in chronic hepatitis C.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that particular HLA alleles may have an influence on the serum ALT level of chronic HCV infection as a host genetic factor in the Chinese population. The DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301, and DRB1*0401 alleles, and the DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301, DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301, and DRB1*1101-DQB1*0301 haplotypes seem to be associated with low hepatitis activity; whereas DQB1*0201 allele is closely correlated with the progression of liver injury in chronic HCV infection.

 

* HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 Polymorphism and Genetic Susceptibility to Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Hans of Northern China by Liu W, et al.

Abstract: Autoimmune mechanisms are likely to participate in the pathogenesis of at least a subgroup of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC), and components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) may serve as markers for the propensity to develop immune-mediated myocardial damage. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes, especially HLA-DQ genes, which are highly polymorphic, play an important role in the activation of immune responses and thus control the predisposition to, or protection from, IDC. This study was conducted to investigate the association of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 allele polymorphisms with an autoantibody against the myocardial mitochondria ADP/ATP carrier, and to explore susceptibility to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) among the Han ethnic group in northern China and the immunological mechanisms and hereditary susceptibility to IDC....The frequencies of HLA-DQA1*0501 and HLA-DQB1*0303 were 0.3889 and 0.1806 in the IDC group, significantly higher than those of the healthy controls (0.0900 and 0.0364 respectively, both P < 0.05)....

 

* 中国四个民族HLA-DRB1、DQA1、DQB1基因多态性研究(HLA-DRB1,H)

Abstract: The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes exhibit highest degrees ofpolymorphism and remarkable ethnic differences in their allele andhaplotype frequencies. Study on polymorphism of HLA in different populations could supply the basic data for disease-correlation, tissue transplantation matching and anthropology analysis. HLA-DRB1,DQA1 and DQB1 genotypes were investigated in four Chinese minor nationalities including Lahu, Li, Sala and Tu using PCR-SSP genotyping method.... At DQA1 locus, in Lahus,the most prevalent were DQA1*0501 (0.1909)、*0101 (0.1682)、 *0301(0.1546)、*0102(0.1364)、*0104 (0.1273), the rarest were DQA1*0302(0.0182)、 *0401 (0.0091) ; in Lis,the most prevalent were DQA1*0101(0.2070)、*0102(0.1543)、 *0301 (0.1223), the rarest were DQA1*0103(0.0426); in Salas, the most prevalent were DQA1*0301 (0.2313)、*0101(0.1866)、*0501 (0.1269)、the rarest were DQA1*0104 (0.0224)。 in Tus,the most prevalent were DQA1*0301 (0.2536)、*0501 (0.1667)、 *0101(0.1304)、*0102(0.1304), the rarest were DQA1*0103 (0.0362)、 *0104

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膠遼官話

膠遼官話是官話的一個分支，主要分布於遼寧遼東半島和山東膠東半島，共44個縣市，此外在遼寧其它地區及黑龍江有方言島，分登連、青州和蓋桓三片。

膠遼官話與其他官話相比，最大的不同在於中古漢語的入聲轉化為平上去三聲的方式。膠遼官話里，古全濁入聲轉為陽平，次濁入聲轉為去聲，清音入聲轉為上聲，這點與元代的官方韻書《中原音韻》幾乎一致。古清音入聲今讀上聲，也是膠遼官話之所以與其他官話方言區分開來的標誌。

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Geography of Shandong

Shandong is mostly flat in terrain. The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The center of the province is more mountainous, with the Taishan Mountains, Lushan Mountains, and Mengshan Mountains being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; it separates Bohai Sea in the northwest from the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The highest peak of Shandong is the highest peak in the Taishan area: Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of 1545 m.

The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, entering the sea along Shandong's northern coast; in its traversal of Shandong it flows on a levee, higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai He watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake of the province. Shandong's coastline is 3000 km long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; the large Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the three bays of Bohai Sea, is found to the north, between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller, is found to the south, next to Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extend northwards from the northern coast of the peninsula.

Shandong has a temperate climate, with moist summers and dry, cold winters. Average temperatures are -5 to 1°C in January and 24 to 28°C in July. Annual precipitation is 550 to 950 mm.

With Jinan serving as the province's economic and cultural centre, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao, Weihai, and Yantai. In addition, Weifang and Zaozhuang are also upstart cities.

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History of Shandong

Shandong is located on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, and felt the influence of Chinese civilization since remote antiquity. The earliest dynasties (the Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty) exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by the Laiyi peoples who were considered as the "barbarians". Over subsequent centuries, the Laiyi were eventually sinicized.

During the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时期) and the Warring States Period (战国时期), regional states became increasingly powerful. At this time, Shandong was home to two powerful states: the state of Qi (齐国) at Linzi and the state of Lu (鲁国) at Qufu. Lu is noted for being the home of Confucius. The state was, however, comparatively small, and eventually succumbed to the powerful state of Chu from the south. The state of Qi was, on the other hand, a major power throughout this entire period. Cities it ruled included Linzi, Jimo (north of modern Qingdao) and Ju.

The Qin Dynasty destroyed Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han Dynasty that followed created two zhou ("provinces") in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou Province in the north and Yanzhou Province in the south. During the division of the Three Kingdoms Shandong belonged to the Kingdom of Wei, which ruled over northern China.

After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin Dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao, then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song Dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first of the Northern Dynasties during the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period. Shandong stayed with the Northern Dynasties for the rest of this period.

In 412, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India.

The Sui Dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang Dynasty (618-907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.

The Song Dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures, and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's Song Dynasty repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).

The Song Dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by the Jin Dynasty as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit — the first use of its current name.

The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming Dynasty. It also included much of modern-day Liaoning (in south Manchuria) at the time. However, the Manchus increasingly asserted independence, and managed to conquer all of China in 1644. Under the Qing Dynasty, which they founded, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.

During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province, was especially affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. The rest of Shandong was generally considered to be part of the German sphere of influence. In addition, the Qing Dynasty opened Manchuria to Han Chinese immigration during the 19th century; Shandong was the main source of the ensuing tide of migrants.

Shandong was one of the first places in which the Boxer Rebellion started and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, the Qing-Dynasty general Yuan Shikai was appointed as governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for 3 years.

As a consequence of the First World War, Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. The Treaty of Versailles transferred the German concessions in Shandong to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome of the Treaty of Versailles (Shandong Problem) led to the May Fourth Movement. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.

The return of control over Shandong fell into the Warlord era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili-Fengtian War of 1924, the Manchuria-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord". He ruled over the province until 1928, when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuju, who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-Shek. Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian, nicknamed the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.

In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would eventually become part of the Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when the Japanese crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.

Shandong was occupied in its entirety by Japan, with resistance continuing in the countryside, and was one of the provinces where a scorched earth policy ("Three Alls Policy": "kill all", "burn all", "loot all") was implemented by general Yasuji Okamura. This lasted until the surrender of Japan in 1945.

By 1945, communist forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China) entirely out of Shandong by June 1949. The People's Republic of China was founded in October of the same year.

Under the new government, parts of western Shandong was initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province, but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.

In recent years Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the richest provinces of the People's Republic of China.

 

 

Dongyi

Gui (鬹) from Dawenkou culture

Dongyi (東夷; literally "eastern 'barbarians'") was a collective term for people in eastern China and in the east of China. People referred to as Dongyi vary across the ages.

The early Dongyi culture was one of earliest neolithic cultures in China. Deliang He, even think that Dongyi culture used to be one of the leading cultures in neolithic China.

According to the earliest Chinese record, Zuo Zhuan, the Shang Dynasty was attacked by King Wu of Zhou, while attacking Dongyi, and collapsed afterwards.

Culture: Dongyi culture was one of the oldest neolithic cultures in China. Some Chinese scholars extend the historical use of Dongyi to prehistoric times, according to this belief, the neolithic culture correlates to Houli culture, Beixin culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and Yueshi culture, five evolutionary phases. Deliang He, thinks that Dongyi culture used to be one of the leading cultures in neolithic China.

The writing system of Dongyi was one of the oldest writing systems in neolithic China. There are opinions that the 20 pictogram characters discovered in a Dongyi tomb (山东莒县大汶口墓葬) in Shangdong indictates some of the characters found, like "旦、钺、斤、皇、封、酒、拍、昃", are still used in Chinese characters.

There are also opinions that Dongyi people were the inventor of arrows. Some classic Chinese history records like Zuo Zhuan, Shuowen Jiezi, Classic of Rites, all have some similar records about this. The legendary god of archery in Chinese mythology, Houyi, could also be a Dongyi leader.

Based on archeology findings, Dongyi people's ancestral worship totem is bird-shaped.

Pre-Qin Usages: It is not easy to determine the times of people that a Classical Chinese document reflects.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin, Zheng, Qi and Song tried to seize control of the Huai River basin, which was occupied by the Huaiyi. But the region finally fell under the influence of Chu in the south. At the same time, people in the east and south ceased to be called Dongyi as they founded their own states. These Yifang states include the State of Xu and the State of Jiang. The State of Xu occupied large areas of Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui between the Huai and Yangzi Rivers. Eventually, it was conquered by the State of Wu in 512 BC. The State of Jiang was absorbed by Chu. Recent archaeological excavations reveal that the State of Xu's influence extended to western Jiangxi in modern Jing'an County. This includes bronzeware inscriptions about the State of Xu and also a tomb with many nanmu coffins containing sacrificial female victims.

References to Dongyi became ideological during the Warring States period probably because selves and others had subtle cultural differences among Chinese. The Classic of Rites (early 4th BC) made the first reference to the combination of "Dongyi" (east), "Xirong" (west), "Nanman" (south) and "Beidi" (north) in fixed four directions. At the same time "Dongyi" acquired a clearly pejorative nuance.

Post-Qin usages: The more "China" expanded, the further east the term "Dongyi" was applied to. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian uses the term "Manyi" (蠻夷), but not "Dongyi". It puts the section of "Xinanyi (southwestern Yi) liezhuan (biographies)", but not "Dongyi liezhuan". The Book of Han does not put this section either but calls a Dongye (濊) chief in the Korean Peninsula as Dongyi. The Book of Later Han puts the section of "Dongyi liezhuan (東夷列伝)" and covers Buyeo, Yilou, Goguryeo, Dongwozu, Hui, Samhan and Wa, in other words, eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and some other islands. The Book of Jin positioned Dongyi inside the section of "Siyi" (barbarians in four directions) along with "Xirong", "Nanman" and "Beidi". The Book of Sui, the Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang adopt the section of "Dongyi" and covers eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and optionally Sakhalin and Taiwan. During the Song Dynasty, the official history books replaced Dongyi with Waiguo (外國) and Waiyi (外夷).

Modern Usages: Some Chinese scholars extend the historical use of Dongyi to prehistoric times. They consider Dongyi as one of the origins of Chinese people, based on the hypothesis of the pluralistic origins of Chinese culture that became popular in 1980s.

People called Dongyi in this sense lived in Haidai (海岱) region, the lower reaches of the Yellow and Huai Rivers, from the Neolithic period.

The cultural evolution in the Haidai region is considered as follows (the dates differ among scholars):

• Houli culture (6400 BC - 5700 BC)
• Beixin culture (5300 BC - 4100 BC)
• Dawenkou culture (4100 BC - 2600 BC)
• Longshan culture (3200 BC - 1900 BC)
• Yueshi culture (2000 BC - 1600 BC)

The Shandong Longshan culture was characterized by large-scale hierarchical groups of walled settlements. The Yueshi culture which replaced the Longshan culture around 2000 B.C. saw a decline of civilization. Groups of settlements were dissolved and the highly-developed pottery technology of the Shandong Longshan culture was lost.

It should be noted that the Longshan Culture was not just Dongyi and did not just exist in Shandong and other eastern coastal areas of China. Areas further west, including much of the middle and lower Yellow River Valley region, was also a part of the Longshan Culture area. Historians such as Jacques Gernet believe that the Longshan Culture was also culturally ancestral to the Erlitou Culture and the later Shang dynasty in the middle Yellow River Valley region. There are some good evidence for this claim, for both the Longshan and Shang cultures shared the following basic elements:

• A similar technical of divination based on heating animal bones and shells until they crack.
• Similar construction techniques for city-walls, fortifications and building platforms using rammed earth.
• Similar artistic styles.

The Shang Dynasty technology of bronze metallurgy seems to be the descendant of high temperature ceramic-making techniques used by the late Neolithic Longshan Culture.

The Longshan Culture might have been replaced by the Yueshi Culture in Shandong but further to the west it continued and developed into the Erlitou Culture around 1900 - 1800 BC).

During the Yueshi culture in Shandong, the Erlitou culture and the subsequent Erligang culture gradually stretched from the Yellow River valley in the west. Since sites of the Yueshi culture are coterminous with those of the Erligang culture, the traditional theory that the Shang Dynasty originated in the east was shattered. Shang civilization extended to central Shandong at the end of the Shang Dynasty and it was during the middle Western Zhou Dynasty that the central civilization covered the entire Haidai region.

It is notable that Longshan people seemingly had their own writing system. A pottery inscription of the Longshan culture discovered in Dinggong Village, Zouping County, Shandong Province contains eleven characters and they do not look like the direct ancestor of Chinese characters. Chinese scholar Feng Shi (馮時) argued in 1994 that this inscription can be interpreted as written by the Longshan people. Other scholars, like Ming Ru, are doubtful about attributing a Neolithic date to the inscription. Some other scholars also claim a connection between ancient Dongyi and the modern Yi people in southwestern China.

 

 

東夷

東夷是中國古代，尤其是商朝、周朝時期，對東部部族的稱呼。隨著商代的東夷與華夏的融合，東夷後來改為對東方外族的泛稱。其認定範圍也隨之更改。從黃帝時期的山東，到河南一帶, 再到日後秦漢時期的朝鮮半島，日本列島。(朝鮮和韓國認為：現代朝鮮人可能是東夷的一支。) 在《三國志·魏書》中，扶餘、高句麗、沃沮、東濊也是東夷。唐杜佑《通典》將朝鮮、新羅、倭、高句麗、流求等歸入東夷，明代嚴從簡將日本、朝鮮、琉球歸入東夷。

東夷文化是中國最古老的文明之一。東夷文化的許多方面都先進於中國的中原文明。東夷人是中國最古老文字、弓箭、禮制和金屬的發明和使用者。

據《左傳》記載，昭公四年，商朝派大軍征伐東夷，結果被周武王反擊成功，商朝因此滅亡，

東夷文化: 東夷文化是中國最古老的文明之一。東夷文化的許多方面都先進於中國的中原文明。

東夷人的文字是中國最早的文字之一，而且可能是商代甲骨文的重要來源之一。其中的 "旦、鉞、斤、皇、封、酒、拍、昃", 目前還在漢字中沿用。

據中國典籍記載，東夷人是弓箭的發明者。《說文解字·矢部》載:「古者夷牟初作矢」。《禮記·射義》中也載：「揮作弓，夷牟作矢。」

東夷擁有很高的陶瓷製作技術。東夷墓葬中出土的大量鳥形的陶瓷表明，東夷人以鳥為圖騰，是一個崇尚鳥的民族。東夷人同時也是中國最早使用銅和鐵的民族。

龍山文化的研究表明，東夷人也是禮制的發明者。龍山文化禮製表明其社會階級和國家的形成。中國學者俞偉超認為「如果4000 多年前不發生這次大洪水, 我國最初的王朝也許而且應該是由東夷建立的。」

東夷文化列表

• 後李文化 (公元前6400 - 5700 年)
• 北辛文化 (公元前5300 - 4100 年)
• 大汶口文化 (公元前4100 - 2600 年)
• 龍山文化 (公元前3200 - 1900 年)
• 岳石文化 (公元前2000 - 1600 年)

 

 

淮夷

淮夷，是中國古代對南方民族的稱呼。更確切地說，指的是商朝、周朝生活在中國東部的黃淮、江淮一帶的古民族。

夏朝以前，生活在山東、河北的民族被稱作「東夷」。傳說中，著名的東夷集團首領蚩尤，在與炎帝、黃帝部落在涿鹿大戰，蚩尤大敗，導致了東夷集團的瓦解。他們當中，一部分與炎黃部落融合，另一部分則向南遷移到淮河流域。從這之後，這些人被稱為「淮夷」。

又過去了幾百年，淮夷不斷對佔領中原的華夏族發動戰爭，可是時戰時合。這就導致淮夷與華夏族的科學文化的融合，也導致了華夏族追逼淮夷退到了江南。於是淮夷與當地苗蠻族融合，逐漸變成了百越的一個分支，是今天苗族的祖先。

現代，苗族中還流傳他們祖先的艱苦跋涉與遷徙的故事。著名的象「過渾水河（黃河）」等。

 

 

Liangzhu Culture

Jade Cong from the Liangzhu Culture with Taotie Motif (National Gallery of Art)

The Liangzhu culture (良渚文化; 3400-2250 BC) was the last Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtze River Delta of China. Its area of influence extended from Lake Tai in the north to Nanjing and Shanghai in the east and Hangzhou in the south. The culture was highly stratified, as jade, silk, ivory and lacquer artifacts were found exclusively in elite burials, while pottery was more commonly found in the burial plots of poorer individuals.

The culture possessed advanced agriculture, included irrigation, paddy rice cultivation and aquaculture. Houses were often constructed with stilts on rivers or shorelines.

The jade from this culture is characterized by finely worked large ritual jades, commonly incised with the taotie motif. The most exemplary artefacts from the culture were its cong (cylinders). The largest cong discovered weighed 3.5 kg. Bi (discs) and Yue axes (ceremonial axes) were also found. Jade pendants were also found, designed with engraved representations of small birds, turtles and fish.

A new discovery of ancient city wall base relics was announced by the Zhejiang provincial government on November 29, 2007. All the relics previously identified were parts of city construction. It was concluded the site was the ancient capital of the Liangzhu Kingdom, whose influence spread as far as modern-day Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Shandong Provinces.

The Taotie (饕餮) is a motif commonly found on ritual bronze vessels from the Shang and Zhou Dynasty. The design typically consists of a zoomorphic mask, described as being frontal, symmetrical, with a pair of eyes and typically no lower jaw area. Some argue that the design can be traced back to Neolithic jades of the ancient Yangtze River Liangzhu culture (3310-2250 BC).

 

* Y Chromosomes of Prehistoric People along the Yangtze River by H. Li, et al.

Abstract: The ability to extract mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from ancient remains has enabled the study of ancient DNA, a legitimate field for over 20 years now. Recently, Y chromosome genotyping has begun to be applied to ancient DNA. The Y chromosome haplogroup in East Asia has since caught the attention of molecular anthropologists, as it is one of the most ethnic-related genetic markers of the region. In this paper, the Y chromosome haplogroup of DNA from ancient East Asians was examined, in order to genetically link them to modern populations. Fifty-six human remains were sampled from five archaeological sites, primarily along the Yangtze River. Strict criteria were followed to eliminate potential contamination. Five SNPs from the Y chromosome were successfully amplified from most of the samples, with at least 62.5% of the samples belonging to the O haplogroup, similar to the frequency for modern East Asian populations. A high frequency of O1 was found in Liangzhu Culture sites around the mouth of the Yangtze River, linking this culture to modern Austronesian and Daic populations. A rare haplogroup, O3d, was found at the Daxi site in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, indicating that the Daxi people might be the ancestors of modern Hmong-Mien populations, which show only small traces of O3d today. Noticeable genetic segregation was observed among the prehistoric cultures, demonstrating the genetic foundation of the multiple origins of the Chinese Civilization.

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Sino-Austronesian

Sino-Austronesian is a proposed language family. Its original version was first presented by Laurent Sagart in the early 1990s. Using reconstructions of the Old Chinese language, Sagart argued that the Austronesian languages were related to the Sinitic languages both lexically and morphologically. Additionally, the Tai-Kadai languages were placed internally within the Austronesian family as a sister branch of Malayo-Polynesian. He also considers the Austro-Asiatic language family to be a likely candidate for inclusion, since if the Austric hypothesis proves to be true, Austro-Asiatic would follow along with the Tai-Kadai branch's inclusion in Sino-Austronesian.

If compared with genetic evidence, the Sino-Austronesian family would correspond to Haplogroup O, a paternally-transmitted human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Laurent Sagart has also shown that his Sino-Austronesian proposal does not contradict genetic studies in any major way.

Related proposals include Austric (Wilhelm Schmidt), Austro-Tai (Paul K. Benedict), and Dené-Caucasian (Sergei Starostin).

• Sino-Austronesian (Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian)
  • Tibeto-Burman ("Sino-Tibetan languages")
  • Austronesian
    • Luilang, Pazeh, Saisiat
    • Pituish
      • Atayalic (Thao, Favorlang, Taokas, Papora, Hoanya)
      • Enemish
        • Siraya
        • Walu-Siwaish
          • Tsouic (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma, Amis, Bunun)
          • Muish
            • Northeastern Formosan (Ketagalan, Kavalan, etc.)
            • Daic or Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai)
            • Malayo-Polynesian

 

* The Higher Phyolgeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadaii by Laurent Sagart

The An Settlement of Taiwan With the MP and TK Migrations

[a]: The pre-Austronesians, from NE China, expand southward along the SE China seaboard in the 5th and early 4th millennia BC: they cultivate rice, foxtail millet, exploit marine resources, practice tooth evulsion. [b]: the Nanri and Pingtan islands, from which the top of Mt Xueshan (3884 m., at center of 200-km radius visibility circle) can be seen, are reached. From there one group crosses to Taiwan c. 3500 BC, while [c] the rest continues expanding in a SW direction towards the Pearl River Delta. [1]: location of earliest An (PAnspeaking) settlements on Taiwan. [2]: location of Pituish, [3] location of Enemish, [4] location of Walu-Siwaish, [5] location of Muish, [6] Tai-Kadai migration, [7] Malayo-Polynesian migration, c. 2000 BC.

 

Excerpt: I have argued elsewhere (Sagart, in press, b) that the pre-Austronesians spoke a language related to Sino-Tibetan, and that they reached Taiwan from a location in NE China where millet and rice were cultivated, and where ritual evulsion of the upper lateral incisors in boys and girls was practiced. The eastern China seaboard region north of the Yangzi estuary, from north Jiangsu to north Shandong, is the one area in East Asia where the distribution of these three traits overlaps in the period before the arrival of the Austronesians in Taiwan: thus both rice and millet were cultivated in Xihe in north Shandong (Wright 2004) c. 8000 BP and in Longqiuzhuang in the lower Huai basin c. 7000-5000 BP. Tooth evulsion is attested from 6500 BP on in Shandong and north Jiangsu (Han and Nakahashi 1996). We may surmise that before they reached Taiwan, the pre-Austronesians were expanding southward along the coastal plains of central-eastern China in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and north Fujian. We can expect that archaeological sites with rice, Setaria, tooth evulsion, and a technology intermediate between the Dawenkou culture of north-east China and Ta-Pen-K'eng of Taiwan will eventually appear there.

If this scenario is correct, it is likely that the passage to Taiwan did not exhaust the pre-An population of the Fujian coast. More likely, this population continued expanding along the coast in a south-westerly direction towards the Pearl River delta, even after a group of them had crossed to Taiwan. Their archaeological traces SW of Fujian are perhaps seen in the Pearl river delta, although direct evidence of agriculture there has so far not appeared; Hedang in the Pearl River delta, with tooth evulsion (Higham 1996:84), c. 3000-2000 BC, may be one such site. In Taiwan, Tsang (in press) describes the newly excavated site of Nan-kuan-li near Tainan in south-west Taiwan, where a team led by him recently discovered a neolithic culture having rice, millet, and practicing ritual tooth ablation around 5000-4500 BP. In the same paper he argues that the Ta-Pen-K'eng culture, as seen in Nan-kuan-li near Tainan, "has close affinities with the Neolithic cultures of Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta". I disagree with Tsang when he concludes that "The Pearl River Delta of Kuangtung is mostprobably the source area of the Tapenkeng Culture in Taiwan". I think it more likely that both cultures are descended from a common precursor on the Fujian coast. Pearl River delta sites having affinities to Taiwan TPK like Hedang are also probably too early and too far east to be ancestral to the Tai-Kadai-speaking cultures.

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Yellow River

The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho (黃河; Mongolian: Hatan Gol, Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi). Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through through Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, and empties into the Bohai Sea. The mouth of the Yellow River is located at Dongying, Shandong.

The provinces of Hebei and Henan derive their names from the Huang He. Their names mean respectively "north of the (Yellow) River" and "south of the (Yellow) River".

Major cities located along the Yellow River include, starting from the source, Lanzhou, Wuhai, Baotou, Kaifeng, Luoyang, Zhengzhou, and Jinan.

The Yellow River is called "the cradle of Chinese civilization", as its basin is the birthplace of the northern Chinese civilizations and was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. But frequent devastating flooding largely due to the elevated river bed in its lower course, has also earned it the unenviable name "China's Sorrow".

Early Chinese literature refers to the Yellow River simply as He (河), the word that has come to mean simply "river" in modern language. The first appearance of the name "Yellow River" (黃河) is in the Book of Han (漢書) written in the Western Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 9). The name "Yellow River" describes the perennial ochre-yellow colour of the muddy water in the lower course of the river. The yellow color comes from loess suspended in the water.

Sometimes the Yellow River is poetically called the "Muddy Flow" (濁流). The Chinese idiom "when the Yellow River flows clear" is used to refer to an event that will never happen and is similar to the English expression "when pigs fly".

In Qinghai, its Tibetan name is "river of the peacock"

 

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Lu State

Lu (魯國) was an ancient state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period. Founded in the 10th century BC, its dukes used Ji as their family name. The first duke was Ji Boqin, son of Ji Dan, the then Prime Minister of Zhou. The state's capital was in Qufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is now Shandong Province. It was bordered to the north by the powerful state of Qi and to the south by the powerful state of Chu. Although a Qi invasion was defeated in the Battle of Changshao in 684 BC, the state was in decline during the Spring and Autumn Period. The political power of Lu was eventually split between the three powerful landlords Jisun, Mengsun and Shusun (all of them were descendants of Duke Huan of Lu) until Duke Mu of Lu made a reform, while the land of Mengsun and Shusun was occupied by Qi and the House of Jisun founded their own state named Bi(费). Lu was annexed in 256 BC by the state of Chu.

Lu was the home state of Confucius. The Annals of Spring and Autumn was written to record the history of Lu. Another great work of Chinese history, Zuo Zhuan or Annals of Zuo was also written in Lu.

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Qi State

Map of the Qi State (map by KarnRedsun)

Qi (齊國) was a powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period and Period of the Warring States in ancient China. Its capital was Linzi, which is part of the present city of Zibo in Shandong Province.

Qi was founded around 1046 B.C. as one of the many states of the Zhou Dynasty. The first ruler appointed for Qi is Jiang Shang, the most powerful official during that time. The Jiang family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BC. In 221 BC, Qi was the last state of pre-Imperial China to be conquered by the State of Qin, the final obstacle which allowed the Qin Dynasty to consolidate the first centralized and imperial empire over China.

History: Western Zhou (1046-771 BC): When the Zhou dynasty founded in 1046BC, King Wu of Zhou assigned the conquered lands as hereditary fiefs to his relatives and ministers. Shandong was given Jiang Ziya, his most important general. Little information survives from this period. King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie) (865-858) attacked Qi and boiled the duke of Qi in a cauldron. At the time of King Xuan of Zhou (827-782) there was a succession struggle. During this time many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Qi state.

Spring and Autumn Period (771-480 BC): In 706 Qi was attacked by the Shan Rong. Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi (685-643). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by centralizing it. He annexed 35 neighboring states and brought others into submission. In 667 met with the rulers of Lu, Song, Chen and Zheng and was elected leader. Subsequently King Hui of Zhou appointed him 'Ba' or Hegemon. He attacked Wey for supporting a rival of the Zhou king and intervened in the affairs of Lu. In 664 he protected Yan from the Rong. In 659 he protected Xing and in 660, Wey, both from the Chi Di. In 656 he blocked the northward expansion of Chu. At his death, his sons quarreled and the hegemony passed to Jin.

In 632 Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. In 589 Qi was defeated by Jin. In 579 the four great powers of Qin (west), Jin (center), Chu (south) and Qi (east) met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. In 546 a similar four-power conference recognized several smaller states as satellites of Qi, Jin and Qin.

Warring States Period (480-221 BC): Early in the period Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532 the Tian (田) clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485 the Tian killed the ducal heir and fought several rival clans. In 481 the Tian chief killed a puppet duke, most of the ruler's family and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the Duke with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386 the Tian family replaced the Jiang family as dukes. In 221 Qi was the last of the warring states to be conquered by Qin, thereby putting an end to the wars and uniting China under the Qin Dynasty.

 

 

Linzi

Model of Ancient Linzi (photo by Rolfmueller)

Linzi (臨淄) was the capital of Qi from 859 BC to 221 BC during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period in China. The ruins of the city lie in modern day Linzi District, Shandong, China. The city was one of the largest and richest in China during the Spring and Autumn Period. With occupying Linzi in 221 BC, King Zheng of Qin completed his conquest of the Chinese rival states and declared himself the first emperor of China shortly afterwards. The ruins of the ancient city were excavated in 1926 by Japanese archaeologists and in 1964 by Chinese archaeologists.

Layout: Linzi covered an area of around 668 km². The city was built between two parallel rivers that ran north-south, the Zi River to its east and the old course of the Xi River to its west.

The city was surrounded by a 14 km perimeter wall of rammed earth. The city consisted of an outer city and an inner city. The outer city wall reached a maximum of 43 meters in base width, averaging between 20 to 30 meters in width. The inner city wall reached a maximum of 60 meters in base width. The city had a sewer and water works system.

The palace was located in the inner city, located in the southwestern corner of Linzi. A large rammed earth platform was found inside the inner city, commonly referred to as the Duke Huan platform. The remains of the platform measure 86 by 70 meters and are 14 meters high.

"Seven broad avenues, some 20 m wide and over 4,000 m long, ran north-south and east-west, roughly forming a grid pattern. Four major avenues met in the northeast section of the city. It is no coincidence that this area yielded the richest cultural remains from the Western Zhou to the Han."

In the Records of the Grand Historian, the population of Linzi in the fourth and third centuries B.C. was said to be 70,000 households, with at least 210,000 adult males. Scholars today believe this was somewhat exaggerated.

Tombs: The ruins of the city are surrounded by over 100 tumulus, some as far as 10 km away. Many of the tombs around Linzi had been looted in antiquity. Over 600 horses were sacrificed in two rows, found in a tomb pit, near what is considered the tomb of Duke Jing of Qi. The sacrificial horse pit is now the site of a museum, the Museum of the State of Qi.

 

Qi sacrificial horse pit (photo by Rolfmueller)

* Videos: 臨淄中國古車博物館, 山東淄博「東周殉馬坑」

 

臨淄，古稱營丘，秦漢時作臨菑。相傳上古時期的伏羲、顓頊曾在這裡活動。此後為爽鳩氏、蒲姑氏等部族的聚居地。公元前約1046年，周朝建立後，周武王把首席功臣姜尚（姜太公）分封於此，建立了侯國齊國，定都營丘。六世齊胡公遷薄姑。七世齊獻公遷回營丘，因其地臨淄水，遂改名為臨淄，此後臨淄之名一直延用至今。

齊國是有周一代東方第一大國，春秋戰國時為「五霸」之首、「七雄」之一，因此臨淄作為其都城，歷史上極為繁榮。目前臨淄齊國故城的城址尚存，分民眾生活的大城和國君居住的小城，兩城相連，周長21公里，面積15平方公里，共有十三座城門。城內幹道縱橫交錯，排成「井」字形，並有完善的供水、排水系統。城外還有埋葬齊國六位君主的田齊王陵等多處先秦墓葬。

東周時的臨淄人物阜盛，齊相國管仲著《管子》。孔子曾來此聞韶樂，孟子也曾為齊王擔任客卿。莊子曾被齊湣王聘為相。戰國時臨淄設稷下學宮，以招徠諸子百家來此講學辯論、著書立說，荀子即為稷下的祭酒之一。遊學於此的還有騶衍、宋鈃、尹文、彭蒙、田駢、慎到等，號為稷下學派。當時的臨淄鄰近渤海，因而兼具魚鹽之利，經濟繁榮、貿易發達，各種冶鐵、煉銅、鑄錢、制陶、紡織的作坊遍布城市內外。

臨淄作為齊國的都城，共延續了八百餘年歷史，直到被秦國所滅。秦置臨淄縣，屬齊郡。兩漢時，臨淄為五都之一。漢高祖劉邦封韓信為齊王，都臨淄。韓信死後，高祖將長子劉肥封於臨淄，建齊國，轄七十餘城。文帝時將齊國一分為七。據史載，當時的臨淄約有十萬戶人家，依然是東部地區最大的城市。及至晉代，臨淄多遭兵禍，政權更迭頻繁，其中南燕曾短暫地建都於此。此後臨淄在青州的地位被益都所取代。南北朝後的歷代，臨淄先後屬齊郡、青州、益都府、益都路、青州府等管轄。元末原城址被廢棄，而在東南部另築新城，即今臨淄城區。

戰國時，齊國臨淄即為東方工商業中心之一。在漢代，齊郡號為“冠帶衣履天下”。臨淄與陳留襄邑（今河南睢縣一帶）為全國兩大官辦紡織業中心。西漢時，少府在臨淄設立了三服官，以生産刺繡、紈素（魏晉以後謂之絹）、縑、綾為主。刺繡在漢代是非常昂貴的織品，價格在錦之上，大約是一般繒帛的二十餘倍。“齊細繡文，上價匹二萬，中萬，下五千也”。時人稱：“齊郡世刺繡，恆女無不能；襄邑俗織錦，鈍女無不巧。”齊郡出產的紈素亦知名于世，其上品為冰紈，極爲潔白細密，《文選》所收古詩《怨歌行》有“新裂齊紈素，皎潔如霜雪”之句。東漢章帝時，曾下令齊國服官“省冰紈方空彀吹綸絮”。新疆曾出土漢代齊郡出產的絹疋，標明了產地、規格，作為商品銷往西域或外國。漢元帝時，諫大夫貢禹上書說：“故時齊三服官輸物不過十笥，方今齊三服官作工各數千人，一歲費數巨萬”，足見其規模之大。

漢代齊郡制陶業也有所發展。窩托村西漢齊王陵出土的陶器主要為禮器和日用陶器。金嶺東漢齊王墓則出土了不少陶製明器，有陶樓、陶屋、陶井、圈竈等，器形高大，工藝較為複雜。

臨淄故城遺址內有多處冶鐵和鑄銅作坊遺址。漢代鐵官即設于大城東南一帶，有“齊鐵官丞”、“齊採鐵印”等封泥出土。大城東北的鑄錢遺址曾出土半兩、五銖及新莽大泉五十的錢範。

 

 

Ancient DNA from Linzi, Shandong

 

* Molecular Genetic Analysis of Remains of a 2,000-year-old Human Population in China-and Its Relevance for the Origin of the Modern Japanese Population by H. Oota, et al. (1999)

Abstract: We extracted DNA from the human remains excavated from the Yixi site (approximately 2,000 years before the present) in the Shandong peninsula of China and, through PCR amplification, determined nucleotide sequences of their mitochondrial D-loop regions. Nucleotide diversity of the ancient Yixi people was similar to those of modern populations. Modern humans in Asia and the circum-Pacific region are divided into six radiation groups, on the basis of the phylogenetic network constructed by means of 414 mtDNA types from 1, 298 individuals. We compared the ancient Yixi people with the modern Asian and the circum-Pacific populations, using two indices: frequency distribution of the radiation groups and genetic distances among populations. Both revealed that the closest genetic relatedness is between the ancient Yixi people and the modern Taiwan Han Chinese. The Yixi people show closer genetic affinity with Mongolians, mainland Japanese, and Koreans than with Ainu and Ryukyu Japanese and less genetic resemblance with Jomon people and Yayoi people, their predecessors and contemporaries, respectively, in ancient Japan."

 

 

* Genetic Structure of a 2,500-Year-Old Human Population in China and Its Spatiotemporal Changes by Li Wang, et al. (2000)

A Neighbor-joining Tree for 19 Human Populations

(branch lengths are proportional to genetic distances)

 

Abstract: To examine temporal changes in population genetic structure, we compared the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of three populations that lived in the same location, Linzi, China, in different periods: 2,500 years ago (the Spring–Autumn era), 2,000 years ago (the Han era), and the present day. Two indices were used to compare the genetic differences: the frequency distributions of the radiating haplotype groups and the genetic distances among the populations. The results indicate that the genetic backgrounds of the three populations are distinct from each other. Inconsistent with the geographical distribution, the 2,500-year-old Linzi population showed greater genetic similarity to present-day European populations than to present-day east Asian populations. The 2,000-year-old Linzi population had features that were intermediate between the present-day European/2,500-year-old Linzi populations and the present-day east Asian populations.

Result: The smallest genetic distance for the present-day Linzi population was that from the Mongols, followed by those from mainland Japanese and Koreans. Surprisingly, the three smallest genetic distances for the 2,000-year-old Linzi population were from the present-day central Asian populations: the Kirghiz (Sary-Tash), followed by the Kazakh and the Uighurs. Even more surprisingly, the three smallest genetic distances for the 2,500-year-old Linzi population were from the Turkish, Icelander, and Finnish, rather than from the east Asian populations.

 

 

* Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of China: A Caveat About Inferences Drawn from Ancient DNA by Yong-Gang Yao, et al. (2003)

Abstract: The decipherment of the meager information provided by short fragments of ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is notoriously difficult but is regarded as a most promising way toward reconstructing the past from the genetic perspective. By haplogroup-specific hypervariable segment (HVS) motif search and matching or near-matching with available modern data sets, most of the ancient mtDNAs can be tentatively assigned to haplogroups, which are often subcontinent specific. Further typing for mtDNA haplogroup-diagnostic coding region polymorphisms, however, is indispensable for establishing the geographic/genetic affinities of ancient samples with less ambiguity. In the present study, we sequenced a fragment (982 bp) of the mtDNA control region in 76 Han individuals from Taian, Shandong, China, and we combined these data with previously reported samples from Zibo and Qingdao, Shandong. The reanalysis of two previously published ancient mtDNA population data sets from Linzi (same province) then indicates that the ancient populations had features in common with the modern populations from south China rather than any specific affinity to the European mtDNA pool. Our results highlight that ancient mtDNA data obtained under different sampling schemes and subject to potential contamination can easily create the impression of drastic spatiotemporal changes in the genetic structure of a regional population during the past few thousand years if inappropriate methods of data analysis are employed.

 

 

* Pitfalls in the Analysis of Ancient Human mtDNA by Yao Yonggang and Zhang Yapin

Excerpt: A recent study that aimed at the spatiotemporal change in genetic structures of the 2500-year-old, the 2000-year-old, and the modern populations from Linzi, Shandong , serves as a typical case on this point. In their study, Wang et al. restricted the analyses to short HVSI fragments (185 bp) and found that the 2500-year-old population resembled more to present-day European than to contemporary East Asian, whereas the 2000-year-old population had features that were intermediate between present-day European and present-day East Asian. Based on these results, Wang and her colleagues suggested that drastic spatiotemporal shifts from contemporary European-like mtDNA pool to contemporary East Asian mtDNA pool occurred in genetic structure of the Chinese population during the past 2500 years. However, this “replacement” hypothesis of matrilineal pool in north China is not consistent with the recorded migration history and contradicts with the recent report of this research group. On one hand, they claimed for mtDNA pool transition from European to East Asian in northern Chinese during the past three thousand years; on the other hand, they perceived extreme homogeneity among the modern populations in East Asia and attributed it to the agricultural expansion in the Neolithic. In regard to the Neolithic, both the ancient (2500-year old and 2000-year old) and the contemporary samples in Wang et al.’s study are post-Neolithic. If the human activities in the Neolithic defined the genetic structure of later populations, how could the replacement of mtDNA pool from European to East Asian occur? We recently reappraised these ancient mtDNAs together with modern mtDNAs from the same province. Our results indicated that the ancient mtDNAs could be allocated with respect to the East Asian mtDNA haplogroup tree (albeit at different levels of certainty) and the ancient populations had features in common with the modern populations from south China rather than any specific affinity to the European populations.

 

 

* Reanalysis of Eurasian Population History: Ancient DNA Evidence of Population Affinities by C.C. Bennett, F.A. Kaestle (2006)

Abstract: Mitochondrial hypervariable region I genetic data from ancient populations at two sites in Asia-Linzi in Shandong (northern China) and Egyin Gol in Mongolia-were reanalyzed to detect population affinities. Data from 51 modern populations were used to generate distance measures (F^sub ST^'s) to the two ancient populations. The tests first analyzed relationships at the regional level and then compiled the top regional matches for an overall comparison to the two probe populations. The reanalysis showed that the Egyin Gol and Linzi populations have clear distinctions in genetic affinity. The Egyin Gol population as a whole appears to bear close affinities with modern populations of northern East Asia. The Linzi population seems to have some genetic affinities with the West, as suggested by the original analysis, although the original attribution of "European-like" seems to be misleading. We suggest that the Linzi individuals are potentially related to early Iranians, who are thought to have been widespread in parts of Central Eurasia and the steppe regions in the first millennium B.C., although some significant admixture between a number of populations of varying origin cannot be ruled out. We also examine the effect of sequence length on this type of genetic data analysis and discuss the results of previous studies on the Linzi sample.

 

Results

Table 4 contains the comparisons of the Linzi and Egyin Gol samples to East and Central Asia .... The top half of the Linzi list is dominated by Southeast Asians, southern Chinese, and Central Asians. The lower half is dominated by northern Asians (save for the lowland Kirghiz and Akha). It is not clear how and why both Southeast Asians (and southern Chinese) and Central Asians are similar to the Linzi population, although this is only a relative comparison within the region. However, there is some debate over the nature of ancient East Asian genetic history, so possibly there are issues here that have yet to be illuminated ....

Table 5 is the total comparison of modern populations to Linzi and Egyin Gol from a composite of the top matches from each region, .... As for the Linzi individuals, they seem to be most highly related to Near Easterners (Turks, Iranians, and Iraqis), Armenians, and Eastern Europeans (Slavs, Hungarians), although others, such as Catalans and Iraqis, are mixed in. The Icelanders are twelfth on this list. The high placement of the Vietnamese may be an anomaly, error, or some element of ancient genetic history that is not clear ....

 

 

Zhou Dynasty -- Qin Dynasty -- Yan (燕國) -- He Bei Yu (Hebei Province)
Zhou Dynasty -- Qin Dynasty -- Ba (巴國) / Shu (蜀國) -- Cantonese Language (Cantonese People)
Zhou Dynasty -- Qin Dynasty -- Qin / Jin (晉國) -- Guan Zhong Yu -- Northern (Mandarin)
Zhou Dynasty -- Qin Dynasty -- Guan Dong Yu -- Zhong Yuan Yu -- Gan Language
Zhou Dynasty -- Qin Dynasty -- Guan Dong Yu -- Zhong Yuan Yu -- Hakka Language (Hakka People)
Zhou Dynasty -- Qin Dynasty -- Guan Dong Yu -- Zhong Yuan Yu -- Min Language (Minnan, Teochew, Foochow People)
Zhou Dynasty -- Qi (齊國) -- Min Language (Minnan, Teochew, Foochow People)
Zhou Dynasty -- Wu (吳國) -- Shanghainese Language (Shanghainese People)
Zhou Dynasty -- Wu -- Hui Language (Anhui Province)
Zhou Dynasty -- Chu (楚國)-- Xiang Language (Hunan Province)

 

* 分子人類學所見歷史上閩越族群的消失 by 李輝

Excerpts: 現代福建的人群主要是漢藏語系漢語族齊語支的漢族群體，因為齊語支現在主要分佈在福建，所以也叫閩語(Min language)支。齊語支是漢語三大語支之一，形成於河南東部到山東一帶，可能是漢語在東夷語(Eastern Barbarians)的影響下形成的。福建的齊語支起源較早。因為發現閩語中有許\多特徵保留著漢代的漢語音韻樣式，所以可能是漢代(Han Dynasty: 206 BC – 220 AD)來到福建(Fujian)的。如果是這樣的話，就和閩越族被強制移民的時間相吻合了。

 

東夷(Eastern Barbarians)是中國古代，尤其是商朝、周朝時期，對東部部族的稱呼，因有九支主要部族又稱九夷。隨著商代的東夷與華夏的融合，東夷後來改為對東方外族的泛稱。其認定範圍也隨之更改。從黃帝時期的山東(Shandong)，到河南(Henan)一帶, 再到日後秦漢時期的朝鮮半島，日本(Japan)列島。(朝鮮和韓國(Korea)認為：現代朝鮮人可能是東夷的一支。) 在《三國志·魏書》中，扶餘、高句麗、沃沮、東濊也是東夷。唐杜佑《通典》將朝鮮、新羅、倭、高句麗、流求等歸入東夷，明代嚴從簡將日本、朝鮮、琉球歸入東夷。

東夷文化是中國最古老的文明之一。東夷文化的許多方面都與中原文明不分伯仲。東夷人是中國最古老文字、弓箭、禮制和金屬的發明和使用者。

 

 

Ancient Iranian Peoples

Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. They remain dominant throughout Classical Antiquity in Scythia and Persia.

The Iranian languages form a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian sub-family, which is a branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Having descended from the Proto-Indo-Iranians, the Proto-Iranians separated from the Indo-Aryans around in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Proto-Iranians are traced to the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia. The area between northern Afghanistan and the Aral Sea is hypothesized to have been the region where the Proto-Iranians first emerged, following the separation of Indo-Iranian tribes.

By the 1st millennium BC, Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Parthians populated the Iranian plateau, while others such as the Scythians, Sarmatians, Cimmerians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea. The Saka and Scythian tribes remained mainly in the south and spread as far west as the Balkans and as far east as Xinjiang.

 

Map of the Balkans

 

Map of Xinjiang

 

 

Scythians

The Scythians (斯基泰人) or Scyths were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. They were believed to have ranged west of the Altai Mountains until 2006, when a royal burial was found to the east in Mongolia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in the west.

The name "Scythian" has also been used to refer to various peoples seen as similar to the Scythians, or who lived anywhere in a vast area covering present-day Ukraine, Russia and Central Asia — known until medieval times as Scythia. The name was also used among early scholars studying the Proto Indo-Europeans, and within the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis the Scythians are considered a reasonable analogue for their Proto Indo-European ancestors.

Asians, especially Persians, knew the Scythians in Asia as Sakas. The Indo-Scythians had the name "Shaka" in South Asia, an extension on the name "Saka".

Ruled by small numbers of closely-allied élites, Scythians had a reputation for their archers, and many gained employment as mercenaries. Scythian élites had kurgan tombs.

In Late Antiquity the notion of a Scythian ethnicity grew more vague, and outsiders might dub any people inhabiting the Pontic-Caspian steppe as "Scythians", regardless of their language. Thus, Priscus, a Byzantine emissary to Attila, repeatedly referred to the latter's followers as "Scythians". In Attila's regime Edekon was the king of Scythians.

The Goths had displaced the Sarmatians in the 2nd century from most areas near the Roman frontier, and by early medieval times, the Turkic migration marginalized East Iranian dialects, and assimilated the Saka linguistically.

China: Ancient influences from Central Asia became identifiable in China following contacts of metropolitan China with nomadic western and northwestern border territories from the 8th century BC. The Chinese adopted the Scythian-style animal art of the steppes (descriptions of animals locked in combat), particularly the rectangular belt-plaques made of gold or bronze, and created their own versions in jade and steatite.

Following their expulsion by the Yuezhi, some Scythians may also have migrated to the area of Yunnan in southern China. Scythian warriors could also have served as mercenaries for the various kingdoms of ancient China. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the Dian civilization of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of Caucasoid horsemen in Central Asian clothing.

Northeastern Asia: Scythian influences have been identified as far as Korea and Japan. Various Korean artifacts, such as the royal crowns of the kingdom of Silla, are said to be of Scythian design. Similar crowns, brought through contacts with the continent, can also be found in Kofun era Japan.

* Video: Schythians or Huns?, TURAN: Epic of Identity

 

 

* The Ancestor of Zhou Dynasty's Royal Family, 后稷 by China History Forum

Excerpt: 姜 Jiang was a great clan in pre-Qin China. They helped the forming of Zhou dynasty and were given several states to rule. The famous state in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring State period, 齊 (Qi State), was one of the 姜 (Jiang) states. They were also famous for their tall and fair women. A few famous Zhou dynasty beauties came from this clan, and not a few poems were written about them in the Book of Poems. The Zhou’s royal families of 姬 Ji and the families of 姜 Jiang frequently married each other. This custom was based on the ancient marriage traditions that two clans would establish the marriage relationship and married each other throughout the generations. Later on, the so-called “親上加親”(closeness added on closeness) in Chinese culture of marrying cousins at the mother’s side of family was the extension of this old custom. This custom was practiced till modern era.

Many scholars believed that 姜 (Jiang) belonged to the ethnic group of 羌 (Qiang) and probably was originally a nomadic tribe. Zhou people also claimed that they were originally descendents of 夏 Xia people and they lived (mixed) among the 戎 (rong – ancient tribes at the west of China) and 狄 (di – ancient tribes at the north of China) and had close relationships with 羌 (qiang) people.

 

 

孟姜女哭長城

孟姜女，來源於中國民間故事「孟姜女哭長城」。「孟姜」，孟為長子或長女；姜為姓，是美女的象徵性稱呼，在《詩經》中多次出現，如《詩經·國風·鄭風·有女同車章》有句「彼美孟姜」。

先秦時期，稱齊國國君之長女為孟姜，《毛傳》：「孟姜，齊之長女。」現在流傳的故事核心在唐朝的時候已經成型，舞台則從齊國臨淄城移轉到秦始皇時代的秦長城。按照一般傳說，她是秦朝始皇時期的一名女子，在新婚之夜，丈夫范杞良被抓去修長城。孟姜女不遠萬里為丈夫送去禦寒的衣物，花了很長時間才到長城，然而最後卻被告知丈夫已經死了，屍體也被埋在長城之下。「孟姜女放聲大哭，最終哭倒長城八百里」，以滴血於枯骨堆裡認找到了丈夫的屍體，秦始皇因此召見孟姜女，驚為天人，欲納孟姜女為妾，孟姜女要求秦始皇需至秦皇島為范杞良披麻帶孝，秦始皇答應；在秦始皇祭拜完范杞良後，孟姜女捧夫屍骨在今孟姜女廟廟址所在，當場投海自盡。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Jackie Chan

Jackie Chan (born Chan Kong-sang, 陳港生; 7 April 1954) is a Hong Kong actor, action choreographer, filmmaker, comedian, director, producer, martial artist, screenwriter, entrepreneur, singer and stunt performer.

In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts. Jackie Chan has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 100 films. Chan has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

As a cultural icon, Chan has been referenced in various pop songs, cartoons, and video games. Chan is also a Cantopop and Mandopop star, having released a number of albums and sung many of the theme songs for the films in which he has starred.

陳港生，原名房仕龍，藝名成龍、陳元龍、元樓，英文名Jackie Chan，安徽和縣人，自稱唐朝宰相房玄齡之後，自稱原籍山東臨淄，出生於香港太平山，生父為房道龍是一名中華民國的退役軍人，其妻子林鳳嬌原為臺灣著名演員、金馬獎影后，兩人育有一子房祖名。

成龍是華人社會具有影響力的著名演員和導演，是大中華地區的影壇巨星，也是國際功夫電影巨星，在大陸和香港等華人地區具有很高聲望與影響。但其私生活和一些公開場合的言談舉止卻不時引起爭議。他以主演驚險動作電影為主，其中主演的《警察故事》便獲得了香港電影金像獎最佳故事片獎。其與周星馳和周潤發並稱「雙周一成」，意為香港電影票房的保證。

 

 

Brigitte Lin

Brigitte Lin (林青霞) or Brigitte Lin Ching Hsia (born 3 November 1954) is a Taiwanese actress. She was a popular actress, regarded as an icon of Chinese cinema, who acted in both Taiwanese and Hong Kong movies. She retired in 1994, although she had a minor role in the 1998 film Bishonen.

She was born in Taipei, and was "discovered" in 1972 by a film producer, and first appeared in many Taiwanese romance films based on the novels of Chiung Yao. Her movie debut is in Chiangwai. She later switched over to making movies in Hong Kong. At the height of her popularity she was arguably one of the most sought-after actresses in the Chinese film industry. She starred in more than 100 movies.

In Hong Kong movies, Lin made a career of playing transgender roles: in Peking Opera Blues she plays a tomboy who dresses in male Western clothes; in New Dragon Gate Inn she is a woman who dresses as a man, and in Swordsman II and III she plays a male sorcerer who castrates himself for power and so is now slowly turning into a woman. She had a good working relationship with Tsui Hark, acting in many of the films he directed (like Peking Opera Blues) and produced (Swordsman II).

She married businessman Michael Ying in 1994 and left the film industry, and now lives in Hong Kong. She has two daughters, born in 1997 and 2001. She made her first public appearance since her marriage at a screening of Ashes of Time Redux at the 2008 New York Film Festival.

林青霞（Brigitte Lin）（1954年11月3日－），祖籍山東烟台，生於臺灣嘉義，臺灣電影女演員。1971年畢業於台北縣三重市金陵女中。

1972年在臺北市萬華區西門町逛街時由星探發掘。首先出道於當時臺灣所流行的瓊瑤愛情片中。1976年轉往香港發展。

林青霞最受歡迎時，作品無論是質與量，在當代華文電影上都堪稱名列前茅。林青霞曾主演超過百部電影，主要包括：《窗外》、《我是一片雲》、《新蜀山劍俠傳》、《天山童姥》、《警察故事》、《刀馬旦》、《新龍門客棧》、《笑傲江湖之東方不敗》、《東方不敗—風雲再起》、《白髮魔女傳》、《刀劍笑》、《重慶森林》和《東邪西毒》等等。1975年的《八百壯士》，奪得了亞洲影展最佳女主角；而1990年主演的《滾滾紅塵》一片，則為林青霞贏得金馬獎最佳女主角的榮譽。

林青霞早期積極參加臺灣諸多助選活動，為泛藍忠實支持者。但於2004年總統大選時，被檢舉涉及疑在投票所公開亮票，觸犯《妨害投票罪》。泛藍的中國國民黨與親民黨皆表示力挺，一致反對偵辦林青霞。案經送台北地方檢查院審理後，檢察官認為林青霞將選票面向自己吹乾圖印，並無犯罪意圖，以不起訴結案，但林青霞從此對於政治轉趨低調。

林青霞結婚前曾與秦祥林和秦漢有過戀情；但最後與香港富商邢李㷧認識半年後，於1994年6月29日在三藩市閃電結婚，從此退出影壇，隨夫居於香港，兩個女兒邢愛林及邢言愛分別在1996年1月2日與2001年6月10日出生。2006年2月驚傳邢林婚變，雖兩人經常公開闢謠，但傳聞仍是沸沸揚揚。2006年5月香港「忽然一周」報導，林青霞早在4月底早已搬離邢家飛鵝山豪宅。2007年某週刊又爆出2月3日林青霞到舞廳跳舞排遣寂寞。

 

 

崔苔菁

崔苔菁（1950年－祖籍：山東青島）是台灣女歌星，被稱為「一代妖姬」，在保守的1960年代以性感的穿著、動感的舞蹈、嬌滴滴的聲音風靡全台。

她是台灣第一個大型外景節目（翠笛銀箏、翠堤春曉）主持人，亦是歌唱、主持、秀場的票房保證。一個晚上的收入即相當於當時一個上班族一年的薪水。她最受人稱道的是即使成為巨星，依然對自己的表演水準要求嚴格。

而崔苔菁是第一屆金曲獎的主持人。

踏入歌壇的機緣: 十七歲時，崔苔菁有一天到中泰賓館去游泳，正巧場內舉辦歌唱比賽；她一時興起而報名參賽，爾後入選，自此進入演藝圈。

除了主持過不少的重要活動之外，崔苔菁主持過不少電視節目，其中收視及口碑俱佳者包括台視《翠笛銀箏》、華視《翠堤春曉》、華視《歡樂周末》及台視《夜來香》等；曾參加過的戲劇演出包括台視電視劇《風蕭蕭》、《今天不看病》及電影《何日再吻君》、《天下第一》等，崔苔菁也是熱門的廣告代言人。

「翠笛銀箏」稱得上是崔苔菁最紅的電視節目，她主持了約八年之久，當時台視知名的歌星幾乎都上過該外景節目。爾後與劉文正同時舞台轉換至華視，不但帶動了華視的收視率，並以〈崔大媽〉之姿提拔了不少華視的年輕歌星，最著名者如陳淑樺就曾在《歡樂周末》獲得大量曝光的機會。

婚姻: 1976年，崔苔菁二十四歲那年與眼鏡公司的少東須偉群結婚，也放棄如日中天的演藝事業。
但這段婚姻只維持四個月就結束了，於是便獨自扶養唯一的兒子長大。

與崔姬傳過緋聞的對象很多，不乏各領域的佼佼者，如：蔣孝武、王羽、施明德 、范可欽。

惟蔣孝武與范可欽是曾經真正交往過的戀人。

受歡迎的歌曲: 有別於齊名的另兩位天后鄧麗君及鳳飛飛，崔苔菁雖然不屬於唱將型的藝人，但於舞台或秀場上的超級巨星地位無人能及，常在表演中展現其在鋼琴、小提琴及舞蹈等方面的素養，英語及臺語也講得不錯。除了東南亞，其海外秀場亦曾遠及美國賭城拉斯維加斯。崔苔菁領過由〈你我他週刊〉所主辦的金嗓獎最佳舞台歌星多次，也曾入圍及主持過電視金鐘獎。民國七十年電視金鐘獎頒獎典禮上驚艷全臺灣的那套自創銀管裝，於電視及秀場上搭唱《但是又何奈》的表演讓人印像最為深刻，此曲這幾年因電影和新生代演員的模仿而再度走紅。

崔苔菁最早由唱西洋歌曲起家，擁有Connie Francis 般的歌喉。在超過20年的演藝生涯中出過20張以上的唱片，先後待過的唱片公司包括海山、銀河、麗歌及滾石，於麗歌唱片的時間最久且成就最好，比較為人知的歌曲包括：

• 梅蘭梅蘭我爱你 (video)
• 她的眼睛像月亮 (video)
• 嚮往 (夢鄉) (video)
• 愛神 (video)
• 但是又何奈 (video)
• 風 (video)
• 乘風破浪 (video)
• 浪花吹醒情人夢 (video)
• 煙火
• 摘星夢
• 為什麼春天要遲到
• 告訴你春來了
• 愛是你愛是我 (video)
• 浪花
• 歡樂年華
• 嘿！朋友
• 何日再吻君
• 翠笛銀箏
• 翠堤春曉 (video)
• 白花飄雪花飄
• 你從前方來
• 有人告訴我
• 冬天裡的春天
• 愛神的見證
• 它就像個謎
• 紅顏
• 讓我請你跳支舞

 

 

齊秦

齊秦（1960年1月12日－），台灣流行歌手，亦是知名女歌手齊豫的弟弟，祖籍山東，籍貫松江省東寧縣，父親是黑龍江人，母親為滿族人（旗人）。出生於台灣台中，畢業於懷恩中學、台中二中、世界新專（今世新大學）。他的知名歌曲包括〈狼〉、〈無情的雨無情的你〉、〈原來的我〉、〈不讓我的眼淚陪我過夜〉、〈夜夜夜夜〉、〈往事隨風〉、〈懸崖〉、〈外面的世界〉、〈大約在冬季〉（即哥哥張國榮絕響作品〈別話〉）等，以音色高亮著稱。

 

 

Jiang Qing

Jiang Qing (江青; March 1914  – May 14, 1991) was the pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong's last wife and major Communist Party of China power figure. She went by the stage name Lan Ping (蓝苹) during her acting career, and was known by various other names during her life. She married Mao in Yan'an in November 1938, and is sometimes referred to as Madame Mao in Western literature, serving as Communist China's first first lady. Jiang Qing was most well-known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and for forming the radical political alliance known as the "Gang of Four". She was named the "Great Flag-carrier of the Proletarian Culture" (無產階級文藝偉大旗手).

Around the time of Chairman Mao's death, Jiang Qing and her proteges maintained control of many of China's power institutions, including a heavy hand in the media and propaganda. However, Jiang Qing's political success was limited. When Mao died in 1976, Jiang lost the support and justification for her political activities. She was arrested in October 1976 by Hua Guofeng and his allies, and was subsequently accused of being counter-revolutionary. Since then, Jiang Qing and Lin Biao have been branded by official historical documents in China as the "Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-revolutionary Cliques" (林彪江青反革命集團), to which most of the blame for the damage and devastation caused by the Cultural Revolution was assigned. When Jiang Qing, along with the rest of the gang, was finally arrested, many, if not most, Chinese citizens rejoiced. Though initially sentenced to execution, her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983, however, and in May 1991 she was released for medical treatment. Before returning to prison, she committed suicide.

Jiang Qing was born Lǐ Shūméng (李淑蒙) in Zhucheng, Shandong Province in 1914. Jiang Qing's father, Li Dewen (李德文), was a carpenter who ran a carpentry and cabinet making shop.

 

 

劉家昌

劉家昌（1941年9月30日－），祖籍山東煙台，出生於哈爾濱，是台灣著名音樂人、電影導演及演員，作品繁多。

劉家昌童年時因日本侵華戰亂動盪而移居遷往韓國仁川，中學時代當職業演唱，1962年當僑生到台灣唸政治大學政治學系，1966年與台灣知名女星江青結婚，不過旋即於1970年離婚。之後，他於台灣演藝圈創作大量流行曲，電影配樂及當演員、電影導演等。 1972年他以《晚秋》電影成名，1975年的愛國電影《梅花》更讓他於台灣家喻戶曉。之後不久，他更與該電影的女主角甄珍(本名章家珍)同居。不久，甄珍與丈夫謝賢離婚，劉家昌與甄珍即於台灣結婚。

1979年，劉家昌因谷名倫墜樓事件離台，定居美國。1980年代，創辦歐帝威唱片，發行自己的專輯《在雨中》等。1982年在美國與妻子甄珍合作經營旅館，1999年返台再發展有線電視頻道業者八大電視與博新多媒體，並參與中國國民黨的政黨活動。

Songs

• 一簾幽夢
• 庭院深深
• 月亮代表我的心
• 我家在那里
• 我是中国人
• 中华民族
• 梅花

 

 

Li Ao

Li Ao (李敖) (born April 25, 1935), is a writer, social commentator, historian, and independent politician in the Republic of China (Taiwan).

He is considered by many to be one of the most important modern Chinese essayists today, although critics have termed him an intellectual narcissist. His political inclinations are more controversial; he is a very vocal critic of both the Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party and their many politicians, including Chiang Kai-shek, Ma Ying-jeou and Chen Shui-bian. Although he favors unification, especially under "One Country, Two Systems", Li refuses to call himself Pan-Blue due to its association with the KMT. He firmly believes in Chinese nationalism and, in Taiwan, is given much media exposure thanks to his popularity as a writer.

Li Ao was credited for his contributions to the democratic movement in Taiwan between the 1960s and 1980s. In the 1960s, he was the editor-in-chief of Wenxing (文星), a magazine that promoted democracy and personal freedom. He was jailed by the Kuomintang government for more than five years (from 1972 and 1976, and again from 1981 to 1982) after helping a pro-Taiwan independence political prisoner, Peng Ming-min, escape to Japan in 1963. Ironically, Li Ao had a long history of being an advocate of reunification.

Throughout the 1970s, Li Ao received much international attention for his imprisonment. He was highlighted by Amnesty International as one of the three most important political prisoners in Taiwan in 1974.

李敖（1935年4月25日或4月5日－），祖籍中國山東省濰縣，自由主義思想家、作家。生於哈爾濱，少年時期隨家人遷居台灣。1960年代擔任文星雜誌主編，主張西化，並為胡適辯護，掀起中西文化論戰。1989年以後開始演講生涯，2000年新黨推薦李參選中華民國總統。2005年李敖在中國大陸進行了三場演講。

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孔子

孔子（前551年9月28日－前479年4月11日），魯（今中國山東省曲阜市南辛鎮）人，中國春秋末期的思想家和教育家。孔子集華夏上古文化之大成，在世時已被譽為「天縱之聖」、「天之木鐸」，是當時社會上最博學者之一，並且被後世統治者尊為孔聖人、至聖、至聖先師、萬世師表。孔子和儒家思想對中國和朝鮮半島、日本、越南等地區有深遠的影響，這些地區又被稱爲儒家文化圈。

家世: 孔子，出生於魯國。孔子的先世可追溯至宋國公室及殷商王室，六代祖叫孔父嘉，是宋國的一位大夫，做過大司馬，在宮廷內亂中被殺，其子木金父為避滅頂之災逃到魯國的鄒邑，從此孔氏在鄒邑定居，變成了魯國人。

孔子父親叔梁紇居於魯昌平鄉鄒邑（今山東曲阜市東南），為鄒邑大夫。《史記·孔子世家》中說「（叔梁）紇與顏氏女野合而生孔子」。《孔子家語·本姓解》當中則記載叔梁紇的元配施氏為孔紇一連添了九個女兒，孔紇望子心切，於是續娶一妾，雖然生了一個兒子名為孟皮，卻腳有殘疾。所以孔紇在72歲時三娶18歲的顏徵在，生孔丘仲尼。為得子，其父曾在尼丘山求拜，表示欲子心切，後果然得一健壯之子，故取名丘，字仲尼，仲是排行老二的意思，但是大排行為老二，小排行，仍然位老大，也就是說，孔子是其生母的長子。

儀容: 孔子生而首上圩頂，長成後身長九尺六寸，被稱為「長人」。

* 孔子身高191公分? 後代300萬人! by Xuite日誌

* 孔子世家

 

 

孔德成

孔德成（1920年2月23日－2008年10月28日），字玉汝，號達生。係孔子第七十七代嫡長孫，襲封三十二代衍聖公、大成至聖先師奉祀官，國立臺灣大學、國立臺灣師範大學、輔仁大學、東吳大學、國立中興大學教授，曾任中華民國制憲國民大會代表、國民大會代表、國民參政會參政員、國立故宮中央博物院聯合管理處主任委員、國立故宮博物院管理委員會常務委員暨指導委員會委員、考試院院長、總統府資政。

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