In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup R is a very extended mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup and is the most common macro-haplogroup in West Eurasia.
Haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N. Among its descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and the ancestral haplogroup of J and T.
Possible Time of Origin: 66,000 YBP
Possible Place of Origin: South Asia
Ancestor: N
Defining Mutations: 12705, 16223
Origin: As of June 2009, the most recent study dates the origin of haplogroup R to 66.6kya with a 95% confidence interval of 52.6-81kya.
South Asia lies on the way of earliest dispersals from Africa and is therefore a valuable well of knowledge on early human migration. The analysis of the indigenous haplogroup R lineages in India points to a common first spread of the root haplotypes of M, N, and R along the southern route some 60–70 kya.
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity among varied ethnic status and different language families in South Asia. In Indian western region among the castes and southern region among the tribes show higher haplogroup diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.
Distribution: R and its descendants are spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and the Americas. These descendants are specially prevailing in Western Eurasia. About 89% of Europeans are of mtDNA macro-haplogroup R.
Subclades
- Haplogroup R
- R0 or pre-HV
- R0a or (preHV)1: Higher frequencies occur in Southwest Asia, specially in the Arabian Plate. Smaller frequencies in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, South Asia & Europe.
- HV: It is a west Eurasian haplogroup mainly found throughout the Middle East, including Iran. It is also found in North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia.
- HV0 or Pre*V: Mainly in Western Europe.
- V: The highest frequency is in Sami people 40%.
- HV1: Mainly in the Middle East.
- HV2: Mainly in South Asia.
- HV3: Mainly in Eastern Europe.
- H: In West Eurasia. It is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.
- HV0 or Pre*V: Mainly in Western Europe.
- R1
- R1* (16278): In Kurdish from Turkmenistan (9%).
- R1a
- R1a* (3337): Found in Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh (India). Also in Adygei people (Caucasus).
- R1a1: Found in Northwest Caucasian people like Kabardins and Adygei people. Observed in eastern European populations like northwestern Russians and Poles.
- pre-JT or R2'JT
- R2: Found mainly in Balochistan (Pakistan).
- (13500): Found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (India).
- (150, 303+1C): In Iran, Georgia and Turkey.
- JT
- J: The highest frequency is in the Near East (12%), 21% in Saudi Arabia. J declines towards Europe at 11%, Caucasus 8%, North Africa 6% and becomes practically missing in East Asia.
- T: The highest frequency is in the Caspian region (Caucasus, Northern Iran, Turkmenistan). It is important in Europe (almost 10%), Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North Africa. Small frequency in the Horn of Africa and India.
- R2: Found mainly in Balochistan (Pakistan).
- R3: Found in Armenia.
- R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India) at 17%.
- R5a
- R5a1: Found within the Indo-European speaking populations of India.
- R5a2: Specially among Dravidic groups of India and Sri Lanka.
- R5a
- R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austro-Asiatic languages speakers from India (10%).
- R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austro-Asiatic tribes (Munda speakers). It is also present in low frequency among the Dravidian and Indo-European speaking family (see map).
- R8a: Found mainly in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (India).
- R8b: In Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (India).
- R9 (16304)
- R9b: It appears mostly in Southeast Asia. Found all over Indonesia, in Indochina, Malaysia, in Aboriginal Malays like Semelai at 28% and Temuan 21%.
- R9c: All over East Asia and Southeast Asia. Mainly in Alor (Indonesia) at 11%.
- F: Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Higher frequencies occur in some areas like Nicobar at 50% and Arunachal Pradesh 31% (India), and Shors people from Siberia at 44%. There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Guangdong (China), Maluku (Indonesia), Thailand and Vietnam.
- R11'B (16189)
- R11: Found in China, mainly in Lahu people from Yunnan at 12.5%. Also in Japan and Rajasthan (India).
- B
- B4: It is found often in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Madagascar and Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
- B5: Spread in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
- R24: Found in Philippines.
- R12'21
- R14: Found in Papua New Guinea and Nicobar Islands. Also known as R12.
- R22 or R12: Typical for Indonesia, specially in Lesser Sunda Islands (8%). Low in Thailand.
- R23: Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia).
- R30
- R30a: Found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (India), in the Tharu people from Nepal and Sinhalese people from Sri Lanka.
- R30b: Found in Punjab.
- R30* (1598, 16189): Found in Punjab, Nepal and Japan.
- R31
- R31a: In Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh and Rajputs from Rajasthan (India).
- R31b: In Reddys from Andhra Pradesh (India).
- P: It is characteristic of Sahul.
- (16176)
- P1: Widespread in Melanesia. Higher frequencies occur in Papua New Guinea.
- P2'10
- P2: In Melanesia, specially in New Guinea and New Caledonia.
- P10: Found in Philippines.
- P9 (or AuE): In Aboriginal Australians from the central region.
- P3: In Australia and Melanesia.
- P4: In Australia and Melanesia.
- (16176)
- U
- U1: It appears mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus. Found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe.
- U5: Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans. The highest frequency is in the Sami people.
- U6: It is common in North Africa (around 10% of the people) with a maximum of 29% in Algerian Berbers
- U2'3'4'7'8'9 (1811): Widely spread in West Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent.
- U8
- R0 or pre-HV
Tree: This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
- R
- R0 (formerly pre-HV)
- R1
- R1a
- R1a1
- R1a1a
- R1a1
- R1a
- R2'JT
- R5
- R5a
- R5a1
- R5a1a
- R5a2
- R5a2a
- R5a2b
- R5a2b1
- R5a2b2
- R5a2b3
- R5a2b4
- R5a1
- R5a
- R6'7
- R6
- R6a
- R6a1
- R6a1a
- R6a1
- R6a
- R7
- R7a
- R7a1
- R7a1a
- R7a1b
- R7a1b1
- R7a1b2
- R7a1
- R7b
- R7b1
- R7b1a
- R7b1
- R7a
- R6
- R8
- R8a
- R8a1
- R8a1a
- R8a1a1
- R8a1a2
- R8a1a3
- R8a1b
- R8a1a
- R8a2
- R8a1
- R8b
- R8b1
- R8b2
- R8a
- (16304)
- R9
- R9b
- R9b1
- R9b2
- R9c
- F
- R22
- R9b
- R9
- R11'B (16189)
- R11
- R11a
- B
- R24
- R11
- R12'21
- R12
- R21
- R14
- R23
- R30
- R30a
- R30b
- R30b1
- R31
- R31a
- R31a1
- R31b
- R31a
- P
- U
* Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup R in India by Karmin, Monika
A Skeleton of the Global Phylogenetic Tree
Colours: green - haplogroups specific for Indian subcontinent; yellow - Eastern Eurasian haplogroups; blue - Western Eurasian haplogroups; orange - Orang Asli haplogroups (Malaysian tribes); turquoise - haplogroups on Andaman Island; brown - Near Oceania; pink - African haplogroups.
Two Proposed Routes Out of Africa - the Northern and the Southern route
