<%@LANGUAGE="JAVASCRIPT" CODEPAGE="65001"%> Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)

Excerpts from Wikipedia.org

Highest Frequencies: Indigenous Americans, Kets, and Selkups

Haplogroup Q (M242) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

Origins: Haplogroup Q is one of the two branches of haplogroup P (M45). Haplogroup Q is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. It has had multiple origins proposed. Much of the conflict may be attributed to limited sample sizes and early definitions that used a combination of M242, P36.2, and MEH2 as defining mutations.

This haplogroup has many diverse haplotypes despite its low frequency among most populations outside of the Americas. There also are over a dozen subclades that have been sampled and identified in modern populations.

Subclades: In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs). Haplogroup Q, according to the most recent available phylogenetics has between 15 and 21 subclades. The scientific understanding of these subclades has changed rapidly. Many key SNPs and corresponding subclades were unknown to researchers at the time of publication are excluded from even recent research. This makes understanding the meaning of individual migration paths challenging.

The 2011 ISOGG Tree

The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2011 ISOGG tree are provided below.

Distribution

Haplogroup Q may be one of the most widely distributed Y-chromosome lineages in the modern world. It is found in the Americas, North Africa, East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and in Europe.

The Americas: Haplogroup Q is the predominant Y-chromosome haplogroup in indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Approximately 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, a group migrated from Asia into the Americas by crossing the Bering Strait. Many of the men in this group must have belonged to haplogroup Q for it now accounts for the majority of non-European haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Indeed, haplogroup Q has been found in approximately 94% of Indigenous peoples of South America and detected in Na-Dené speakers at a rate of 25-50%, and North American Eskimo Aleut populations at about 46%.

In more modern population groups from the Americas, all Q samples tested for M346 have been positive. This founding population spread throughout the Americas. In the Americas, a member of the founding population underwent a mutation, producing its descendant population defined by the M3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Many members of haplogroup Q in the Americas belong to the Q-M3 subclade.

However, a 4000-year-old Saqqaq individual belonging to Q-MEH2 haplogroup has been documented.

Asia: Likely due to its origin in Central Asia, haplogroup Q may be found throughout Asia. It has been reported that Q is found in the Altai people, India, Tibet, Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Tuvans, and Uyghurs

East Asia: To the east, haplogroup Q has been found in approximately 4% of Southern Altaians and 32% of Northern Altaians. It is found in 16% of Tuvans.

The frequency of Q in northern China is about 4%, with many Chinese samples of haplogroup Q belonging to the subclade Q-M120. Haplogroup Q is found in approximately 3% of males in Tibet and Mongolia. It is also found in 3% of Uyghurs.

The highest frequencies of Q in Asia are found among the Selkups (~70%) and Kets (~95%), they live in western and middle Siberia and their populations are small in number, being just under 5,000 and 1,500, respectively.

South Asia: A Biomed study observed an ancestral state Q* and a novel sub-branch Q5, not reported elsewhere, in the Indian subcontinent, though in low frequency. A novel subgroup Q4 was identified recently which is also restricted to the Indian subcontinent. The most plausible explanation for these observations could be an ancestral migration of individuals bearing ancestral lineage Q* to the Indian subcontinent followed by an autochthonous differentiation to Q4 and Q5 sublineages later on. Thus the subcontinent has three novel Q lineages, an ancestral Q* (different from the Central Asian Q*), Q4 and Q5 unique to the subcontinent.

West Asia: Two studies conducted Ivan Nasidze in 2004 and 2009, show that the frequency of Q in Iran, varies between approximately 2% to 6%, depending on region. Iranian samples of haplogroup Q belong primarily to the subclade Q-M25.

In Pakistan, at the eastern end of the Iranian plateau, the frequency of haplogroup Q is about 2.2% (14/638) or 3.4% (6/176).

Approximately 2.5% of males in Saudi Arabia belong to haplogroup Q.

According to Behar et al. 5% of Ashkenazi males belong to haplogroup Q. This has subsequently been found to be entirely the Q-M378 subclade and may be restricted to Q-L245.

Haplogroup Q has also been found in Algerians, Arabians, Syrians, Lebanese and the United Arab Emirates.,

Europe: The frequency of haplogroup Q in Norway is about 4%, while 3% of Hungarian males are in haplogroup Q.

To the south east, approximately 2% of males in Turkey, In a study by Gokcumen it was found that among Turks that belong to the Afshar tribe haplogroup Q is seen with a prevalence of 13%. Further, the Q-M25 subclade has been found in Turkey

Q-M346 is found among the Khanty.

 

Population Frequencies from Studies

Population Paper N Percentage SNPs Tested
Austro-Asiatic (Khasi-Khmuic) Reddy 2009 353 5.40 P-M45(xM173) §
Austro-Asiatic (Mundari) Reddy 2009 64 10.90 P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer) Reddy 2009 11 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Austro-Asiatic (Southeast Asia) Reddy 2009 257 1.60 P-M45(xM173) §
Garo (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 71 1.40 P-M45(xM173) §
Tibeto-Burman (India) Reddy 2009 226 3.10 P-M45(xM173) §
Tibeto-Burman (East Asia) Reddy 2009 214 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Indo-European (Eastern India) Reddy 2009 54 18.50 P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh Iran Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Northern Talysh Azerbaijan Nasidze 2009 40 5.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Mazandarana Iran Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Gilakia Iran Nasidze 2009 50 0.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranians (Tehran) Iran Nasidze 2004 80 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranians (Isfahan) Iran Nasidze 2004 50 6.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Bakhtiari Iran Nasidze 2008 53 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranian Arabs Iran Nasidze 2008 47 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
North Iran Iran Regueiro 2006 33 9.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Iran Iran Regueiro 2006 117 3.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Georgians South Caucacus Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 77 3.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Armenians South Caucacus Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 100 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Azerbaijaninas South Caucacus Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 72 0.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)

§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.

Subclade Distribution

Q-M19: The Q-M19 subclade is found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu.

Q-M25: The Q-M25 subclade is currently defined by two SNP mutations, M25 and M143. This places it below Q-MEH2 on most phylogenetic trees.

It does not have known subclades.

The Q-M25 subclade has been found at low to moderate frequency in Iran and Lebanon.

Q-M120: The Q-M120 subclade is currently defined by two mutations, M120 and N14/M265. Phylogenetically, it is located below Q-MEH2.

It does not have known subclades.

Q-M120 is so far restricted to East Asia. It has been found at low frequency among Han Chinese, Dungans, Japanese, Koreans, and Tibetans. Although it was reported in the Hazaras, it was subsequently shown to be a lab error as demonstrated by the phylogenetic tree changes in Karafet 2008.

Q-M323: The Q-M323 subclade of haplogroup Q is defined by the M323 mutation. It was thought that Q-M323 was located directly below Q-MEH2 but it has been discovered that it is located below Q-M346.

Q-M323 does not have known subclades.

Q-M323 may be exclusive to West Asia. It has been detected in Yemenite Jews.

Q-M346: The Q-M346 subclade is currently defined by three mutations: L56, L57, and M346. They are found directly below Q-MEH2.

Q-M346 has two subclades, Q-L53 and Q-M323.

The Q-M346 subclade is found at low frequency in Europe, South Asia and West Asia. Including its Q-M3 subclade, it is the only branch of haplogroup Q found in modern indigenous populations of the Americas. It has been found in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, India and Tibet.

Q-M378: The Q-M378 subclade is currently defined by several mutations: M378, L214, L215. It is located under Q-L275.

Q-M378 has three subclades: Q-L245, Q-L301, and Q-L327.

The Q-M378 subclade is widely distributed in Europe, South Asia, and West Asia. Q-M378 is found among samples of Hazaras and Sindhis. It is also found in the Uyghurs of North-Western China in two separate groups.

The Q-M378 subclade and specifically its Q-L245 subbranch is speculated to be the branch to which Q-M242 men in Jewish Diaspora populations belong. Although published articles have not tested for M378 in Jewish populations, genetic genealogists from the Ashkenazi, Mizrachi, and Sephardi Jewish populations have tested positive for both M378 and L245.

 

 

* Y Chromosome Diversity, Human Expansion, Drift, and Cultural Evolution by Jacques Chiaronia, et al.

Y Chromosome Haplogroup N Geographic Frequency Distribution Map

 

 

* High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas by Stephen L. Zegura, et al.

Abstract: A total of 63 binary polymorphisms and 10 short tandem repeats (STRs) were genotyped on a sample of 2,344 Y chromosomes from 18 Native American, 28 Asian, and 5 European populations to investigate the origin(s) of Native American paternal lineages. All three of Greenberg's major linguistic divisions (including 342 Amerind speakers, 186 Na-Dene speakers, and 60 Aleut-Eskimo speakers) were represented in our sample of 588 Native Americans. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis indicated that three major haplogroups, denoted as C, Q, and R, accounted for nearly 96% of Native American Y chromosomes. Haplogroups C and Q were deemed to represent early Native American founding Y chromosome lineages; however, most haplogroup R lineages present in Native Americans most likely came from recent admixture with Europeans. Although different phylogeographic and STR diversity patterns for the two major founding haplogroups previously led to the inference that they were carried from Asia to the Americas separately, the hypothesis of a single migration of a polymorphic founding population better fits our expanded database. Phylogenetic analyses of STR variation within haplogroups C and Q traced both lineages to a probable ancestral homeland in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains in Southwest Siberia. Divergence dates between the Altai plus North Asians versus the Native American population system ranged from 10,100 to 17,200 years for all lineages, precluding a very early entry into the Americas.

 

SNP Lineage Frequencies for 18 Native American Populations and 6 Eurasian Regions

 

 

Altai Mountains

 

 

* Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas by Maria-Catira Bortolini, et al.

Abstract: To scrutinize the male ancestry of extant Native American populations, we examined eight biallelic and six microsatellite polymorphisms from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome, in 438 individuals from 24 Native American populations (1 Na Dene´ and 23 South Amerinds) and in 404 Mongolians. One of the biallelic markers typed is a recently identified mutation (M242) characterizing a novel founder Native merican haplogroup. The distribution, relatedness, and diversity of Y lineages in Native Americans indicate a differentiated male ancestry for populations from North and South America, strongly supporting a diverse demographic history for populations from these areas. These data are consistent with the occurrence of two major male migrations from southern/ central Siberia to the Americas (with the second migration being restricted to North America) and a shared ancestry in central Asia for some of the initial migrants to Europe and the Americas. The microsatellite diversity and distribution of a Y lineage specific to South America (Q-M19) indicates that certain Amerind populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region, suggesting an early onset for tribalization of Native Americans. Age estimates based on Y-chromosome microsatellite diversity place the initial settlement of the American continent at ∼14,000 years ago, in relative agreement with the age of well-established archaeological evidence.

 

Neighbor-Joining Tree Relating P-M45 Y Lineages on the Basis of Nei’s Standard Genetic Distance (Nei 1987), Calculated from the Allele Frequencies Observed at the Six Microsatellite Loci Examined

 

 

* Y-DNA Haplogroup Q by genetree

Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-M242

 

Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q1a3a-M3

 

 

* Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration by M. Regueiro, et al.

Geographic Distribution of Major Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Frequencies

(NI: North Iran, SI: South Iran)

AA Arabs (Algeria), BA Berbers (Algeria), TN Tunisia, EG Egypt, KE Kenya, SO Somalia, OR Oromo, AM Amhara, OM Oman, GE Georgia, AR Armenia, AZ Azerbaijan, LE Lebanon, SY Syria, IQ Iraq, NP North Pakistan, SP South Pakistan, PU Punjab, GU Gujarat, KB Konkanastha, CH Chenchu, KO Koya, ES Central Iran, UZ Uzbekistan, NI North Iran, SI South Iran, GR Greece, NT North Turkey, MT Middle Turkey, ST South Turkey

 

 

* Y-Chromosomal Evidence for a Limited Greek Contribution to the Pathan Population of Pakistan by Sadaf Firasat, et al.

Rooted Maximum-Parsimony Tree of Y Lineages

(Greek, Burusho, Kalash, Pathan, Pakistan)

 

 

* Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome Diversity and Its Relationship with Nearby Regions by Khaled K Abu-Amero, et al.

Y Chromosome Haplogroup Frequencies Observed for Saudi Arabia and Nearby Regions

 

 

* Excavating Y-Chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia by Cinnioğlu C, et al.

Abstract: Analysis of 89 biallelic polymorphisms in 523 Turkish Y chromosomes revealed 52 distinct haplotypes with considerable haplogroup substructure, as exemplified by their respective levels of accumulated diversity at ten short tandem repeat (STR) loci. The major components (haplogroups E3b, G, J, I, L, N, K2, and R1; 94.1%) are shared with European and neighboring Near Eastern populations and contrast with only a minor share of haplogroups related to Central Asian (C, Q and O; 3.4%), Indian (H, R2; 1.5%) and African (A, E3*, E3a; 1%) affinity. The expansion times for 20 haplogroup assemblages was estimated from associated STR diversity. This comprehensive characterization of Y-chromosome heritage addresses many multifaceted aspects of Anatolian prehistory, including: (1) the most frequent haplogroup, J, splits into two sub-clades, one of which (J2) shows decreasing variances with increasing latitude, compatible with a northward expansion; (2) haplogroups G1 and L show affinities with south Caucasus populations in their geographic distribution as well as STR motifs; (3) frequency of haplogroup I, which originated in Europe, declines with increasing longitude, indicating gene flow arriving from Europe; (4) conversely, haplogroup G2 radiates towards Europe; (5) haplogroup E3b3 displays a latitudinal correlation with decreasing frequency northward; (6) haplogroup R1b3 emanates from Turkey towards Southeast Europe and Caucasia and; (7) high resolution SNP analysis provides evidence of a detectable yet weak signal (<9%) of recent paternal gene flow from Central Asia. The variety of Turkish haplotypes is witness to Turkey being both an important source and recipient of gene flow.

 

 

* High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations by Marijana Peričić, et al.

Map of the Studied Region and Sample Locations

 

Y Chromosomal SNP Tree and Haplogroup Frequencies (percent) in Seven SEE Populations

(K*(xP): Croatians, Herzegovinians, Serbians, Madedonians)

 

Excerpt: F*, G-M201, K* (xP), P* (xR1, Q), and Q-M242 lineages occur at low frequencies in SEE (fig. 2). The Herzegovinian Q-M242 sample harbors a STR motif previously seen in eastern Adriatic haplogroup Q lineages that are marked by the typical presence of the unusually long DYS392-15 allele (Barac´ et al. 2003).

 

 

* Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations by Doron M. Behar, et al.

Lineage-Based and Mutation-Based Names of the 20 AJ and NJ Haplogroups

 

 

* The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula by Susan M. Adams, et al.

Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups in Iberian, North African, and Sephardic Jewish Samples

 

Haplogroup Distributions in Iberian, North African, and Sephardic Jewish Populations

 

 

* Novel Subgroup Q5 of Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Q in India by Sharma S,et al

Abstract

Background: Y-chromosomal haplogroup (Y-HG) Q is suggested to originate in Asia and represent recent founder paternal Native American radiation into the Americas. This group is delineated into Q1, Q2 and Q3 subgroups defined by biallelic markers M120, M25/M143 and M3, respectively. Recently, a novel subgroup Q4 has been identified which is defined by bi-allelic marker M346, representing HG Q (0.41%, 3/728) in Indian population. With scanty details of HG Q in Asia, especially India, it was pertinent to explore the status of the Y-HG Q in Indian population to gather an insight to determine the extent of diversity within this region.

Results: We observed 15/630 (2.38%) Y-HG Q individuals in India with an ancestral state at M120, M25, M3 and M346 markers, indicating an absence of already known Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 sub-haplogroups. Interestingly, we further observed a novel 4 bp deletion/insertion polymorphism (ss4 bp, rs41352448) at 72,314 position of human arylsulfatase D pseudogene, defining a novel sub-lineage Q5 (in 5/15 individuals, i.e., 33.3 % of the observed Y-HG Q) with distributions independent of the social, cultural, linguistic and geographical affiliations in India.

Conclusion: The study adds another sublineage Q5 in the already existing arrangement of Y-HG Q in literature. It was quite interesting to observe an ancestral state Q* and a novel sub-branch Q5, not reported elsewhere, in Indian subcontinent, though in low frequency. A novel subgroup Q4 was identified recently which is also restricted to Indian subcontinent. The most plausible explanation for these observations could be an ancestral migration of individuals bearing ancestral lineage Q* to Indian subcontinent followed by an autochthonous differentiation to Q4 and Q5 sublineages later on. However, other explanations of, either the presence of both the sub haplogroups (Q4 and Q5) in ancestral migrants or recent migrations from central Asia, cannot be ruled out till the distribution and diversity of these subgroups is explored extensively in Central Asia and other regions.

 

Partial YCC Tree Redrawn with the Addition of M346 Marker Ddefining Y-HG Q4 and ss4 bp Marker Defining Y-HG Q5

 

 

* The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow by Tenzin Gayden, et al.

The Hierarchical Phylogenetic Relationships and Frequencies (in percentages) of the 24 Paternal Haplogroups Observed in Tibetan and Nepalese Populations

 

Geographic Distributions of Major Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Frequencies

 

 

* Extended Y-Chromosome Investigation Suggests Post-Glacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia Via the Northern Route by Hua Zhong, et al.

Abstract: Genetic diversity data, from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA as well as recent genome-wide autosomal SNPs, suggested that mainland Southeast Asia was the major geographic source of East Asian populations. However, these studies also detected Central-South Asia- and/or West Eurasia-related genetic components in East Asia, implying either recent population admixture or ancient migrations via the proposed northern route. To trace the time period and geographic source of these Central-South Asia- and West Eurasia-related genetic components, we sampled 3,826 males (116 populations from China and one population from South Korea) and performed high-resolution genotyping according to the well-resolved Y-chromosome phylogeny. Our data, in combination with the published East Asian Y-haplogroup data, show that there are four dominant haplogroups (accounting for 92.87% of the East Asian Y chromosomes), O-M175, D-M174, C-M130 (not including C5-M356) and N-M231, in both southern and northern East Asian populations, which is consistent with the proposed southern route of modern human origin in East Asia. However, there are other haplogroups (6.79% in total) (E-SRY4064, C5-M356, G-M201, H-M69, I-M170, J-P209, L-M20, Q-M242, R-M207 and T-M70) detected primarily in northern East Asian populations, and were identified as Central-South Asian and/or West Eurasian origin based on the phylogeographic analysis. In particular, evidence of geographic distribution and Y-STR diversity indicate that haplogroup Q-M242 (the ancestral haplogroup of the native American-specific haplogroup Q1a3a-M3) and R-M207 probably migrated into East Asia via the northern route. The age estimation of Y-STR variation within haplogroups suggests the existence of post-Glacial (∼18 thousand years ago, kya) migrations via the northern route as well as recent (∼3 kya) population admixture. We propose that although the Paleolithic migrations via the southern route played a major role in modern human settlement in East Asia, there are ancient contributions, though limited, from western Eurasia which partly explain the genetic divergence between current southern and northern East Asian populations.

 

 

* Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes by Michael F. Hammer, et al.

Maximum-Parsimony Tree of 44 Y Chromosome Haplogroups Together with Their Frequencies in Japan and Five Asian Regions

 

 

* Genetic Evidence Supports Demic Diffusion of Han Culture by Bo Wen, et al.

NRY Haplogroup Distribution in Han Populations

Population n C* D/E D1 F* K* O3* O3d O3e O1* O1b O2a* O2a1 Q1 P*
    M130 YAP M15 M89 M9 M122 M7 M134 M119 M110 M95 M88 M120 M45
Northern Han
                              
60
7
5
  
6
10
11
  
11
5
   1  
3
1
Hebei
14
      
2
1
3
  
7
1
          
50
2
    
2
11
16
  
10
4
      
4
1
48
1
1
  
11
8
13
  
9
2
  
1
  
2
  
60
12
3
  
4
8
13
  
16
1
  
1
  
2
  
85
14
1
2
3
12
36
  
12
    
1
  
4
  
Shandong 2
100
4
    
11
13
32
  
30
6
  
1
  
3
  
63
2
3
  
4
11
16
  
22
1
  
1
  
1
2
Shannxi 2
27
      
3
9
5
  
8
1
      
1
  
51
2
1
  
3
9
15
  
15
2
      
2
2
Southern Han
                              
Anhui
22
3
      
4
6
  
4
4
      
1
  
148
4
1
  
3
21
80
6
24
3
1
4
  
1
  
Guangdong
64
3
  
1
  
8
15
  
19
5
  
7
5
1
  
Guangxi
26
2
      
4
4
  
5
4
  
2
5
    
Hubei
18
1
      
2
5
1
6
3
          
Hunan
15
        
2
5
  
4
2
  
2
      
Jiangsu
100
6
2
  
3
19
25
2
19
18
  
4
  
2
  
Jiangxi
21
1
1
  
2
4
4
  
5
3
  
1
      
Shanghai
55
4
2
    
9
14
1
9
14
      
2
  
Sichuan
63
3
  
1
  
10
16
2
18
5
  
6
2
    
Yunnan 1
27
3
    
1
1
5
  
15
1
  
1
      
Yunnan 2
66
4
  
2
2
15
25
4
10
    
2
  
2
  
Zhejiang
106
10
      
6
26
  
28
29
  
5
  
2
  

 

* Partial Duplication at AZFc on the Y Chromosome Is a Risk Factor for Impaired Spermatogenesis in Han Chinese in Taiwan by Yi-Wen Lin, et al.

The Y Chromosome Haplogroups of Han Taiwanese

 

 

* Y-DNA Haplogroups by Populations of East and Southeast Asia by wikipedia.org

* Haplotype Frequencies of Nine Y-Chromosome STR Loci in the Taiwanese Han Population by Tsai LC, et al.
* A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania by Cristian Capelli, et al.

 

 

* Recent Anthropological Genetic Study of Taiwan Indigenous Populations by Shu-Juo Chen, et al.

Map Showing the Locations of the Studied Populations

 

Y-Chromosome Haplotype Frequency Distribution in Asian and Oceanic Populations

H13 M120 Q1, H15 M15 Q3

 

Markers in Su's Nomenclature System from A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups by The Y Chromosome Consortium

 

 

* 臺灣原住民族的Y 染色體多樣性與華南史前文化的關連性 by 陳叔倬

Q: Taiwanese aborigines 0%