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Excerpts from Wikipedia.org

Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K (the intermediates being Haplogroup MNOPS and Haplogroup NO).

Origins: Haplogroup O is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO (M214), and first appeared according to different theories, either in Southeast Asia, or East Asia. approximately 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup O shares a node in the phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosomes with Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.

Distribution: This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most of populations in East and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, and Africa and is completely absent from the Americas, although certain subclades of Haplogroup O do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania.

Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O are Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup O2, and Haplogroup O3.

Paragroup O*: Haplogroup O* lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major subclades O1, O2, and O3, can still be detected at a low frequency among some modern populations of Central Asia and East Asia.

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xO1a-M119,O2a-M95,O3-M122) in 2.5% (one out of 40 individuals) of a sample of Tajiks in Samarkand, 4.5% (1/22) of Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan, 1.5% (1/68) of Uzbeks in Surkhandarya, 1.4% (1/70) of Uzbeks in Khorezm, 12.5% (2/16) of Tajiks in Dushanbe, 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, 4.9% (2/41) of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan, and 31.1% (14/45) of Koreans. However, nearly all of these Korean O-M175(xO1a,O2a,O3) Y-chromosomes probably belong to Haplogroup O2b, which has been found in approximately 30% of many samples of Koreans. There is also a possibility that these O-M175(xO1a,O2a,O3) (sometimes INCORRECTLY called "O*") Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might belong to Haplogroup O1*(xO1a-M119), Haplogroup O2*(xO2a-M95,O2b-M176), or Haplogroup O2b-M176.

 

Map of Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Xinjiang (Takla Makan Desert), and Korea

 

Tajik

 

Crimean Tatars

 

Uzbeks

 

Uyghur

 

Kazakhs

 

Haplogroup O1-MSY2.2

Haplogroup O2-M268

Haplogroup O3-M122: Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia.

Subclades: This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on ISOGG-2011

Haplogroup O (in red) and its ancestral haplogroups (in green)

• Y-DNA Adam
  • A
  • BT
    • B
    • CT
      • DE
        • D
        • E
      • CF
        • C
        • F
          • G
          • H
          • IJK
            • IJ
              • I
                • I1
                • I2
              • J
            • K
              • LT
                • L
                • T
              • MNOPS
                • M
                • NO
                  • N
                  • O
                    • O1
                    • O2
                    • O3
                • P
                  • Q
                  • R
                    • R1
                      • R1a
                      • R1b
                    • R2
                • S

Languages Families and Genes: The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson as well as Shi, et al.

 

* The Power of Language Over the Past: Tai settlement and Tai Linguistics in Southern China and Northern Vietnam by Jerold A. Edmondson

 

 

Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup NO (M214) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup MNOPS and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup M, Haplogroup P, and Haplogroup S.

Origins: The M214 mutation that defines Haplogroup NO occurred in a gamete of a man who belonged to Haplogroup MNOPS and who probably lived somewhere in Eurasia east of the Aral Sea about 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. This man has become the direct patrilineal ancestor of a very large percentage of present-day humans, as he is the forefather of both Haplogroup N and Haplogroup O, which together are overwhelmingly dominant in most populations of North and East Eurasia.

Distribution: No confirmed case of Haplogroup NO* has been found among the males of present-day human populations. However, NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175), which potentially may belong either to Haplogroup NO* or to Haplogroup N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g), has been found in 5.7% (2/35) of a sample of Buyi and in 2.9% (6/210) of a pool of four samples of Japanese, particularly in Tokushima (4/70 = 5.7%). Haplogroup NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) Y-DNA also has been found sporadically in samples of Han Chinese, Yizu, Malays, Mongolians, Daurs, Manchurian Evenks, Hezhes, Huis, Yaos, and South Koreans; however, the two published Han Chinese cases of NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) subsequently have been found to belong to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g).

Subclades: This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

• NO (M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195)
  • N (M231) Mainly found in Northern Asia, Northern Europe, and Eastern Europe.
  • O (M175, P186, P191, P196) Mainly found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

 

 

* Mao of Eurasian Adam from The Genographic Project

Proposed Migration Path of Haplogroup O Ancestors from Y-chromosomal Adam in Africa

 

 

* Y Chromosome Diversity, Human Expansion, Drift, and Cultural Evolution by Jacques Chiaronia, et al.

Y Chromosome Haplogroup N Geographic Frequency Distribution Map

 

Y Chromosome Haplogroup N Geographic Frequency Distribution Map

 

 

* Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes by Michael F. Hammer, et al.

Maximum-Parsimony Tree of 44 Y Chromosome Haplogroups Together with Their Ffrequencies in Japan and Five Asian Regions

 

 

* Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup O by Wendy Tymchuk, Genebase.com

Worldwide Frequency Distribution of Haplogroup O 

(The red area within each pie chart indicates the frequency of Haplogroup O within that location)

 

Relative Frequency Distribution of the Four Main Subclades of Haplogroup O

 

A Summary of the Frequency Distribution of Deeper Clades Within Haplogroup O

 

 

* An Updated Tree of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup O and Revised Phylogenetic Positions of Mutations P164 and PK4 by Yan S., et al.

Abstract: Y-chromosome Haplogroup O is the dominant lineage of East Asians, comprising more than a quarter of all males on the world; however, its internal phylogeny remains insufficiently investigated. In this study, we determined the phylogenetic position of recently defined markers (L127, KL1, KL2, P164, and PK4) in the background of Haplogroup O. In the revised tree, subgroup O3a-M324 is divided into two main subclades, O3a1-L127 and O3a2-P201, covering about 20 and 35% of Han Chinese people, respectively. The marker P164 is corrected from a downstream site of M7 to upstream of M134 and parallel to M7 and M159. The marker PK4 is also relocated from downstream of M88 to upstream of M95, separating the former O2(*) into two parts. This revision evidently improved the resolving power of Y-chromosome phylogeny in East Asia.

 

 

* Extended Y-Chromosome Investigation Suggests Post-Glacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia Via the Northern Route by Hua Zhong, et al.

Abstract: Genetic diversity data, from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA as well as recent genome-wide autosomal SNPs, suggested that mainland Southeast Asia was the major geographic source of East Asian populations. However, these studies also detected Central-South Asia- and/or West Eurasia-related genetic components in East Asia, implying either recent population admixture or ancient migrations via the proposed northern route. To trace the time period and geographic source of these Central-South Asia- and West Eurasia-related genetic components, we sampled 3,826 males (116 populations from China and one population from South Korea) and performed high-resolution genotyping according to the well-resolved Y-chromosome phylogeny. Our data, in combination with the published East Asian Y-haplogroup data, show that there are four dominant haplogroups (accounting for 92.87% of the East Asian Y chromosomes), O-M175, D-M174, C-M130 (not including C5-M356) and N-M231, in both southern and northern East Asian populations, which is consistent with the proposed southern route of modern human origin in East Asia. However, there are other haplogroups (6.79% in total) (E-SRY4064, C5-M356, G-M201, H-M69, I-M170, J-P209, L-M20, Q-M242, R-M207 and T-M70) detected primarily in northern East Asian populations, and were identified as Central-South Asian and/or West Eurasian origin based on the phylogeographic analysis. In particular, evidence of geographic distribution and Y-STR diversity indicate that haplogroup Q-M242 (the ancestral haplogroup of the native American-specific haplogroup Q1a3a-M3) and R-M207 probably migrated into East Asia via the northern route. The age estimation of Y-STR variation within haplogroups suggests the existence of post-Glacial (∼18 thousand years ago, kya) migrations via the northern route as well as recent (∼3 kya) population admixture. We propose that although the Paleolithic migrations via the southern route played a major role in modern human settlement in East Asia, there are ancient contributions, though limited, from western Eurasia which partly explain the genetic divergence between current southern and northern East Asian populations.

 

 

* A Counter-Clockwise Northern Route of the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup N from Southeast Asia Towards Europe by Siiri Rootsi, et al.

Geographical Distribution of NO*

 

Geographical Distribution of O

 

 

* Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian Specific Haplogroup O3-M122 by Hong Shi, et al.

Abstract: The prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations. Here, we present a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O3-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations. Our results indicate that the O3-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. The microsatellite data show that the O3-M122 haplotypes in southern East Asia are more diverse than those in northern East Asia, suggesting a southern origin of the O3-M122 mutation. It was estimated that the early northward migration of the O3-M122 lineages in East Asia occurred ∼25,000–30,000 years ago, consistent with the fossil records of modern humans in East Asia.

 

The Phylogenetic Relationships of the O3-M122 SNPs and Haplotypes

 

Distribution of the East Asian–Specific Y-Chromosome Haplogroups in Worldwide Populations

 

The Frequency Distribution of the O3-M122 Haplotypes in East Asian and Other Continental Populations

 

Distribution of the O3-M122 Haplotypes in the East Asian Populations Studied

 

The Contour Maps of the Y-Haplotype–Frequency Distribution

 

The mMp of Multidimensional Scaling Analysis Based on the O3-M122 SNP Haplotype Distribution

 

 

* Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times by Yali Xue, et al.

Populations Sampled

 

Geographical Distributions of Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup O

(Li, Yao, She)

 

Geographical Distributions of Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup O1*, O2, and O3d

 

Geographical Distributions of Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup O2b*, O2b1

 

 

* Paternal Genetic Affinity Between Western Austronesians and Daic Populations by Hui Li, et al.

Geographic Distribution of Sampled Populations and Migration Routes Suggested by Y Chromosome Analysis

 

Y-SNP Haplogroup Frequencies of the Newly Studied Samples (%)

(C, D*, D1, F, M, K, O*, O1a*, O1a2, O2a*, O2a1, O3*, O3a1, O3a4, O3a5, O3a5a, P)

 

 

* Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia by Tatiana M. Karafet, et al.

Abstract: The early history of island Southeast Asia is often characterized as the story of two major population dispersals: the initial Paleolithic colonization of Sahul; 45 ka ago and the much later Neolithic expansion of Austronesian-speaking farmers; 4 ka ago. Here, in the largest survey of Indonesian Y chromosomes to date, we present evidence for multiple genetic strata that likely arose through a series of distinct migratory processes. We genotype an extensive battery of Y chromosome markers, including 85 single-nucleotide polymorphisms/indels and 12 short tandem repeats, in a sample of 1,917 men from 32 communities located across Indonesia. We find that the paternal gene pool is sharply subdivided between western and eastern locations, with a boundary running between the islands of Bali and Flores. Analysis of molecular variance reveals one of the highest levels of between-group variance yet reported for human Y chromosome data (e.g., UST 5 0.47). Eastern Y chromosome haplogroups are closely related to Melanesian lineages (i.e., within the C, M, and S subclades) and likely reflect the initial wave of colonization of the region, whereas the majority of western Y chromosomes (i.e., O-M119*, O-P203, and O-M95*) are related to haplogroups that may have entered Indonesia during the Paleolithic from mainland Asia. In addition, two novel markers (P201 and P203) provide significantly enhanced phylogenetic resolution of two key haplogroups (O-M122 and O-M119) that are often associated with the Austronesian expansion. This more refined picture leads us to put forward a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shape the primary structure of current Indonesian Y chromosome diversity, and Neolithic incursions make only a minor impact on the paternal gene pool, despite the large cultural impact of the Austronesian expansion.

 

Maximum Parsimony Tree of 35 Y Chromosome Haplogroups Together with Their Frequencies in Four Geographic Groups

Mainland Southeast Asia (SEA), western Indonesia (WIN), eastern Indonesia (EIN), and Oceania (OCE)

 

 

* Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia by Laura Scheinfeldt, et al.

The Phylogenetic Relationship of 14 NRY Haplogroups Based on 22 SNPs

 

A Multistage Colonization Model for Indonesia

(A) Initial wave of colonization 40–50 ka ago, (B) Paleolithic contribution from mainland
Asia, (C) Austronesian expansion, and (D) migration in historic times

 

 

* The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia by Manfred Kayser, et al.

Frequencies of NRY Haplogroups O-M110, O-M324 in the Admiralty Islands and in Populations from Asia, Melanesia, and Polynesia

 

 

* Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific by Manfred Kayser, et al.

Frequency Distribution of NRY Haplogroups Found in Polynesia with a Genetic Origin in Asia

 

 

* Genetic Affinities Among the Lower Castes and Tribal Groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA by Ismail Thanseem, et al.

Y Chromosomal Haplogroups and Their Frequencies (%) in Three South Indian Tribal Populations

(Pardhan, Andh, Naikpod)

 

 

* 臺灣原住民族的Y 染色體多樣性與華南史前文化的關連性 by 陳叔倬

 

Prehistoric Cultures: Taosi (陶寺), Daxi (大溪), Wucheng (吳城), Maqiao, Liangzhu (良渚)

 

 

 

* More Genetic Sharing among the Populations of Taiwan than Expected: A Plain tribes (Pinpu) Perspective by
Marie Lin, et al.

Results and Discussion: YSNP (paternal lineages) analysis showed 55% of Siraya and 70% of Pazeh men sharing paternal lineages O1a*, O1a1*, O1a2, O3*, O3a* and O3a3* with TwA and ISEA, and except for O1a* and O1a2, were also seen in Fujian (which we here classify as CSEA). Among other Y haplogroups, O2*, O2a*, O3a4*, O3a3c* and O3a3c1 comprised 40% of the Siraya and 28% of Pazeh gene pool and were also commonly seen all over CSEA and ISEA. Male movement between CSEA, ISEA and Taiwan will be better understood when high definition NRY-SNP determination (and associated Y-STR) of other Asian populations become available.

 

 

* 永恆的西拉雅族－遺傳基因的研究 by 林媽利

Excerpt: 分析173人男性的西拉雅族人的父系血緣，發現父系血緣約全部由O群構成，有O*，O1*，O1b，O2*，O2a*，O3a*(O3*)，O3c(O3a3)，O3a4b(O3d*)，O3a5a1(O3e1a)，O3a5a(O3e1*)，O3a5b(O3e*)及O3b血緣，除此外尚有少數C及N*的血緣。

這些血緣除了O1b血緣只出現在台灣原住民外，其他的血緣全分佈在別的亞洲族群，在我們超過1000人父系血緣的資料中，除O1b外其他的血緣也在中國、福建、越南、泰國、印尼及菲律賓找到。

西拉雅族共有14%(35/173)的父系血緣屬於原住民的O1b血緣，西拉雅族屬O1*血緣有71人，41%(71/173)，因O1*血緣可來自原住民(泰雅族有98%屬這血緣)也可來自福建移民，所以利用其中32人(SL)的16個YSTR結果與台灣原住民238人及福建人23人O1*父系血緣YSTR的資料做neighbor network分析，以探究西拉雅族人的O1*的父系血緣是來自福建移民或者是源自原來的台灣原住民。一起分析的O1* YSTR資料包括阿美族(AM)16人、泰雅族(AT)49人、排灣族(PW)15人、卑南族(PU)14人、魯凱族(RU)22人、賽夏族(SA, SB)21人、太魯閣族(TK)19人、邵族(TH)19人、鄒族(TS)38人、雅美族(YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, YF)25人、菲律賓巴丹人(BD)10人、台灣人(AD)5人及福建人(只有號碼)23人。分析的結果顯示在圖二的O1*父系血緣網狀關係圖上，中心的網狀處是顯示基因的相關性，這關係圖很明顯的把福建人與台灣原住民區分開來，灰色區為平埔族及高山原住民區，圈起來的區域(在時鐘9點的位置)為福建人區，可看到被分析的32人西拉雅族中8人落在福建人區，表示這8人或25% (8/32=25%) O1*西拉雅族父系血緣來自福建的移民(8人為SL233, SL320, SL314, SL316, SL014, SL019, SL030, SL321)，其他24人(75%)的O1*血緣落在高山原住民區(灰色區)，顯示這75%西拉雅族的O1*父系血緣來自原住民(平埔公或高山公)。在圖二西拉雅族及巴宰族屬原住民的O1*父系血緣常在同一區出現，顯示這兩族平埔族的父系血緣在遺傳上接近及相關。

 

 

* Y-DNA Haplogroups by Populations of East and Southeast Asia by wikipedia.org

* Haplotype Frequencies of Nine Y-Chromosome STR Loci in the Taiwanese Han Population by Tsai LC, et al.

* A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania by Cristian Capelli, et al.

 

 

* Recent Anthropological Genetic Study of Taiwan Indigenous Populations by Shu-Juo Chen, et al.

Map Showing the Locations of the Studied Populations

 

Y-Chromosome Haplotype Frequency Distribution in Asian and Oceanic Populations

 

Markers in Su's Nomenclature System from A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups by The Y Chromosome Consortium

 

 

* Partial Duplication at AZFc on the Y Chromosome Is a Risk Factor for Impaired Spermatogenesis in Han Chinese in Taiwan by Yi-Wen Lin, et al.

The Y Chromosome Haplogroups of Han Taiwanese

 

 

* Genetic Evidence Supports Demic Diffusion of Han Culture by Bo Wen, et al.

NRY Haplogroup Distribution in Han Populations

Population	n	C*	D/E	D1	F*	K*	O3*	O3d	O3e	O1*	O1b	O2a*	O2a1	Q1	P*
		M130	YAP	M15	M89	M9	M122	M7	M134	M119	M110	M95	M88	M120	M45
Northern Han
Gansu	60	7	5		6	10	11		11	5		1		3	1
Hebei	14				2	1	3		7	1
Henan	50	2			2	11	16		10	4				4	1
Liaoning	48	1	1		11	8	13		9	2		1		2
Neimeng	60	12	3		4	8	13		16	1		1		2
Shandong 1	85	14	1	2	3	12	36		12			1		4
Shandong 2	100	4			11	13	32		30	6		1		3
Shannxi 1	63	2	3		4	11	16		22	1		1		1	2
Shannxi 2	27				3	9	5		8	1				1
Xinjiang	51	2	1		3	9	15		15	2				2	2
Southern Han
Anhui	22	3				4	6		4	4				1
Fujian	148	4	1		3	21	80	6	24	3	1	4		1
Guangdong	64	3		1		8	15		19	5		7	5	1
Guangxi	26	2				4	4		5	4		2	5
Hubei	18	1				2	5	1	6	3
Hunan	15					2	5		4	2		2
Jiangsu	100	6	2		3	19	25	2	19	18		4		2
Jiangxi	21	1	1		2	4	4		5	3		1
Shanghai	55	4	2			9	14	1	9	14				2
Sichuan	63	3		1		10	16	2	18	5		6	2
Yunnan 1	27	3			1	1	5		15	1		1
Yunnan 2	66	4		2	2	15	25	4	10			2		2
Zhejiang	106	10				6	26		28	29		5		2