<%@LANGUAGE="JAVASCRIPT" CODEPAGE="65001"%> Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)

Excerpts from Wikipedia.org

Haplogroup F is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup spanning all the continents. This haplogroup and its subclades contain more than 90% of the world's existing male population. Sometimes it is referred to as haplogroup FT to distinguish the part of it which is referred to in standard nomenclature as haplogroup (or paragroup) F* (the branches of haplogroup F which have not yet been designated as defining a major haplogroup of their own).

This haplogroup is ancestral to, and contains, Y-chromosome haplogroups G (M201), H (M69), and IJK (L15/S137, L16/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1) along with IJK's descendant haplogroups (IJ, and K) and so on.

Origins: This supercluster contains mainly lineages that are not typically found in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that its ancestral C-F chromosome may have been carried out of Africa very early in the modern human diaspora, and F may have appeared 48,000 (38,700-55,700) years ago, probably in Eurasia.

According to the phylogeographic distribution of haplotypes observed among South Asian populations defined by social and linguistic criteria, the most plausibly arose of haplogroup F might be in India and its potentially paraphyletic group F* might share a common demographic history with H, C5, R2 and L1. The presence of several subclusters of F and K that are largely restricted to the Indian subcontinent is consistent with the scenario that a coastal (southern route) of early human migration out of Africa carried ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the coast of the Indian subcontinent, or that some of them originated there.

Other sources mention that this ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in North Africa, the Levant, or the Arabian Peninsula as much as 50,000 years ago (50,300±6500). It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of Africa. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to prevalence appears to have been in South Asia or somewhere close to it within the extended Middle East. All of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H, F* and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).

Several lineages derived from Haplogroup F appear to have migrated into Africa from a homeland in Southwest Asia sometime during prehistory. Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with this hypothetical "Back to Africa" migration include J, R1b, and T.

Distribution: F is the most common macro-haplogroup outside of Africa with more than 90% of the world's population, therefore is predominant everywhere except for Africa, where haplogroups A, B, and E predominate, as well as parts of Eastern Asia and Oceania, where C and D are most common.

Paragroup F*: Within Haplogroup F, besides the major sub-clades of G, H and IJK, other patrilines can still be detected at a very low frequency among many populations of the southern fringe of Eurasia and Oceania. Haplogroup F-M89 is a “default” haplogroup potentially comprising several lineages. Originally it was believed all M89+ men would be found to belong to F descendant haplogroups G-T, but an increasing number of men have continued to test positive only for the mutation that defines F. The F* haplogroup is paraphyletic and rare in most regions.

In India it is distributed similarly to H. India has a frequency of 12.5%, being the most frequent haplogroup in tribal groups after Haplogroup H. Among tribal groups it is at 18.1% with a moderate distribution among caste groups (approx. 9.6%), so the gene flow between castes was low but it is important in panchamas and sudras. So it is important in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, in Koya tribes is at 27% and in Sinhalese people 10%.

It is found in two north Portuguese populations (0.5%) and this may have occurred as a result of admixture since Portugal had significant contacts with India about 500 years ago.

The Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province in southwestern China appear to be the only regions where such lineages, which are grouped for convenience as Haplogroup F*, comprise a significant portion of the Y-chromosome diversity of a modern population; F* Y-chromosomes have been found to be particularly common among the Kucong or Yellow Lahu, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan.

Also it has been found in the Malay Archipelago and in 8% of sampled Korean males.

Subclades: This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG 2011 tree

 

 

Koya

(Photo from Indigeneous People of the World)

The meaning of Koya is “a good person living on the hills”. Koyas constitute about 80% of the tribal population living in the Dandakaranya forests. In general, Koyas are short statured, lean and rather diffident. They speak koya language which does not have any script. They do not own much property and the crime rate in Koya communities is generally low. Alcohol consumption is permitted among both men and women.

Koyas are an ethnic tribe found in Andhra Pradesh state and confined to Godavari valley and neighbouring Malkangiri District of Orisha State and Chhatisgarh State.

They constitute one of the indigenous schedule tribes of the State. Since these tribes lead a very simple and austere life they have very small number of their own genuine, native words. So there is a strong link between the language they speak and their life style. For example being hunter gatherers they have their own words to refer to trees, animals, weapons, food etc.

 

 

Kucong

The Kucong (苦聰人) is an ethnic group in China.

It is one of the poorest minorities in China. The people are considered as invisible people as they seldom let traders see them when they sell their wares to buy some necessities. Their houses are small and narrow and a house consists of a single room without divisions and without windows. The fire is in the center, where the family members sleep with their livestock. Today, they still keep a semi-nomadic existence, living mainly from hunting and gathering; and government subsidies. The Kucong are not recognized by the Chinese government as an official minority nationality, but they are officially being considered.

More than 3,000 Kucong inhabit at least 16 villages of northern Laos. A subgroup of the Kucong in Laos are called Lahu Aga ('Bent Gourd Lahu') by other people because traditionally they wore a curved gourd around their necks. The Kucong are one of the more primitive groups in Laos and they have little contact with other ethnic groups.

 

 

Lahu

Lahu people photo by Steve Evans

The Lahu (拉祜族) are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia and China.

They are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where about 450,000 live in Yunnan province. An estimated 150,000 live in Burma. In Thailand, Lahu are one of the six main hill tribes, and their population is estimated at around 100,000. The Tai often refer to them by the exonym "Mussur", meaning hunter. About 10,000 live in Laos. They are one of 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam, where about 1,500 live in Lai Chau province.

Subgroups: The Lahu divide themselves into a number of subgroups, such as the Lahu Na (Black Lahu), Lahu Nyi (Red Lahu), Lahu Hpu (White Lahu), Lahu Shi (Yellow Lahu) and the Lahu Shehleh. Where a subgroup name refers to a color, it refers to the traditional color of their dress. These groups do not function as tribes or clans - there are no kin groups above that of the family. Lahu trace descent bilaterally, and typically practice matrilocal residence.

Language: The Lahu language is part of the Loloish branch of the Lolo-Burmese subgroup of the Tibeto-Burman family (itself a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family). Like most of its relatives, it is a heavily isolating language.

 

 

Coastal Migration

Coastal Migration is a term sometimes used in modern anthropology and genetics for the concept that, from a single origin in Africa 100-200 thousand years before present (kybp), humanity first spread eastwards to areas outside Africa along routes that were predominantly located around coastlines. Other terms, such as Southern Coastal Route, Rapid Coastal Settlement, Coastal Migration Theory and Coastal Migration Model, are also used.

Coastal migration theory in Asia and Oceania: The coastal route is primarily used to describe the initial that peopling of the Arabian peninsula, India, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, coastal China and Japan, and is linked with the presence and dispersal of mtDNA haplogroup M and haplogroup N, as well as the specific distribution patterns of Y-DNA haplogroup C and haplogroup D, in these regions. The theory proposes that humans, likely similar to the Negritos or Proto-Australoids of modern times, arrived in the Arabian peninsula from Africa, then on the southern coastal regions of the Indian mainland, followed by spread to the Andaman Islands and modern-day Indonesia, and thence branching southwards to Australia and northwards towards Japan. National Geographic's Genographic Project uses the term 'Coastal Clan' to describe the initial human groups of Y-DNA haplogroup C who expanded eastwards out from Africa along the coastal route around 50 kybp.

Roger Blench discusses the theory in relation to language families.

 

 

* Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages by Richard Cordaux, et al.

Chromosome Haplogroup Frequencies

F M89: India 12.5%, Caste groups 9.6%, Tribal groups 18.1%

 

 

Indian Tribal Groups

Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India.

Adivasi societies are particularly present in the Indian states of Kerala, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Mizoram and other northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Officially recognized by the Indian government as "Scheduled Tribes" in the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, they are often grouped together with scheduled castes in the category "Scheduled Castes and Tribes", which is eligible for certain affirmative action measures.

The peopling of India: The concept of 'original inhabitant' is directly related to the initial peopling of India, which, due to the debate on topics such as the Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis, has been a contentious area of research and discourse. Some anthropologists hypothesize that the region was settled by multiple human migrations over tens of millennia, which makes it even harder to select certain groups as being truly aboriginal. One narrative, largely based on genetic research, describes Negritos, similar to the Andamanese adivasis of today, as the first humans to colonize India, likely 30-65 thousand years before present (kybp). 60% of all Indians share the mtDNA haplogroup M, which is universal among Andamanese islander adivasis and might be a genetic legacy of the postulated first Indians. Some anthropologists theorize that these settlers were displaced by invading Austro-Asiatic-speaking Australoid people (who largely shared skin pigmentation and physiognomy with the Negritos, but had straight rather than kinky hair), and adivasi tribes such as the Irulas trace their origins to that displacement. The Oraon adivasi tribe of eastern India and the Korku tribe of western India are considered to be examples of groups of Australoid origin. Subsequent to the Australoids, some anthropologists and geneticists theorize that Caucasoids (including both Dravidians and Indo-Aryans) and Mongoloids (Sino-Tibetans) immigrated into India: the Dravidians possibly from Iran, the Indo-Aryans possibly from the Central Asian steppes and the Tibeto-Burmans possibly from the Himalayan and north-eastern borders of the subcontinent. None of these hypotheses is free from debate and disagreement.

 

 

* 臺灣原住民族的Y 染色體多樣性與華南史前文化的關連性 by 陳叔倬

F* M89: Taiwanese aborigines 0%

 

 

* Recent Anthropological Genetic Study of Taiwan Indigenous Populations by Shu-Juo Chen, et al.

Map Showing the Locations of the Studied Populations

 

Y-Chromosome Haplotype Frequency Distribution in Asian and Oceanic Populations

H4 M89 F*(xK): Taiwan Indigeneous Populations 0%, Taiwan Han Chinese 0%

 

Markers in Su's Nomenclature System from A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups by The Y Chromosome Consortium

 

 

* Y-DNA Haplogroups by Populations of East and Southeast Asia by wikipedia.org

F*: Taiwan (Han) 0%, Taiwanese aborigines 0%

* Haplotype Frequencies of Nine Y-Chromosome STR Loci in the Taiwanese Han Population by Tsai LC, et al.
* A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania by Cristian Capelli, et al.

 

 

* Partial Duplication at AZFc on the Y Chromosome Is a Risk Factor for Impaired Spermatogenesis in Han Chinese in Taiwan by Yi-Wen Lin, et al.

The Y Chromosome Haplogroups of Han Taiwanese

F*: Han Taiwanese 0%

 

 

* Genetic Evidence Supports Demic Diffusion of Han Culture by Bo Wen, et al.

NRY Haplogroup Distribution in Han Populations

F* M89: Fujian 2%
Population n C* D/E D1 F* K* O3* O3d O3e O1* O1b O2a* O2a1 Q1 P*
    M130 YAP M15 M89 M9 M122 M7 M134 M119 M110 M95 M88 M120 M45
Northern Han
                              
Gansu
60
7
5
  
6
10
11
  
11
5
   1  
3
1
Hebei
14
      
2
1
3
  
7
1
          
Henan
50
2
    
2
11
16
  
10
4
      
4
1
Liaoning
48
1
1
  
11
8
13
  
9
2
  
1
  
2
  
Neimeng
60
12
3
  
4
8
13
  
16
1
  
1
  
2
  
Shandong 1
85
14
1
2
3
12
36
  
12
    
1
  
4
  
Shandong 2
100
4
    
11
13
32
  
30
6
  
1
  
3
  
Shannxi 1
63
2
3
  
4
11
16
  
22
1
  
1
  
1
2
Shannxi 2
27
      
3
9
5
  
8
1
      
1
  
Xinjiang
51
2
1
  
3
9
15
  
15
2
      
2
2
Southern Han
                              
Anhui
22
3
      
4
6
  
4
4
      
1
  
148
4
1
  
3
21
80
6
24
3
1
4
  
1
  
Guangdong
64
3
  
1
  
8
15
  
19
5
  
7
5
1
  
Guangxi
26
2
      
4
4
  
5
4
  
2
5
    
Hubei
18
1
      
2
5
1
6
3
          
Hunan
15
        
2
5
  
4
2
  
2
      
Jiangsu
100
6
2
  
3
19
25
2
19
18
  
4
  
2
  
Jiangxi
21
1
1
  
2
4
4
  
5
3
  
1
      
Shanghai
55
4
2
    
9
14
1
9
14
      
2
  
Sichuan
63
3
  
1
  
10
16
2
18
5
  
6
2
    
Yunnan 1
27
3
    
1
1
5
  
15
1
  
1
      
Yunnan 2
66
4
  
2
2
15
25
4
10
    
2
  
2
  
Zhejiang
106
10
      
6
26
  
28
29
  
5
  
2
  

 

* Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration by M. Regueiro, et al.

Geographic Distribution of Major Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Frequencies

AA Arabs (Algeria), BA Berbers (Algeria), TN Tunisia, EG Egypt, KE Kenya, SO Somalia, OR Oromo, AM Amhara, OM Oman, GE Georgia, AR Armenia, AZ Azerbaijan, LE Lebanon, SY Syria, IQ Iraq, NP North Pakistan, SP South Pakistan, PU Punjab, GU Gujarat, KB Konkanastha, CH Chenchu, KO Koya, ES Central Iran, UZ Uzbekistan, NI North Iran, SI South Iran, GR Greece, NT North Turkey, MT Middle Turkey, ST South Turkey

 

 

* The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity by R. Spencer Wells, et al.

Geographic Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplotypes in Selected Eurasian Populations

(M89)

 

 

* High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations by Marijana Peričić, et al.

Map of the Studied Region and Sample Locations

 

Y Chromosomal SNP Tree and Haplogroup Frequencies (percent) in Seven SEE Populations

F*: Croatians (mainland) 1.90%, Bosnians 0%, Herzegovinians 0%, Serbians 0%

 

Excerpt: F*, G-M201, K* (xP), P* (xR1, Q), and Q-M242 lineages occur at low frequencies in SEE (fig. 2). The Herzegovinian Q-M242 sample harbors a STR motif previously seen in eastern Adriatic haplogroup Q lineages that are marked by the typical presence of the unusually long DYS392-15 allele (Barac´ et al. 2003).